TAR 318: Household expenditure impacts of ETS carbon prices

[IN-CONFIDENCE]

Note: This analysis supersedes TAR313v2 distributed on 2022-06-20. It includes all of the previous analysis, with the following additions:

  • household diesel expenditure has been considered, as well as combined Fuel and Fuel and food expenditure,
  • summary statistics for households with non-zero expenditure on each product, i.e. means and quantiles conditional on non-zero expenditure, and
  • a lower bound electricity price scenario.

There are several assumptions that limit the accuracy of the fuel and food prices used in this analysis. The additional assumption that households do not change their consumption with increased prices is also unrealistic. The resulting expenditure impacts should be treated as first-order approximations.

Context

There is an obligation for the Minister of Climate Change and the Climate Change Commission (CCC) to consider the impact of emissions prices on households and the economy when making recommendations on NZ ETS price control settings. Draft recommendations on ETS settings are due in June.

In 2019, Stats NZ Input/Output tables, the New Zealand Greenhouse Gas Inventory, a TSY forecasting team spreadsheet model for the impact of carbon prices on CPI, and TAWA backed by the Income and Expenditure components of the 2013 Household Economic Survey, were used to determine the first-order changes in household expenditure on Petrol, Electricity, and Gas by Household Equivalised Disposable Income (HEDI) (TAR 186). Subsequent analysis, with an updated input/output model, also included the impact on Food expenditure due to direct fuel use and increased Freight costs.

A limitation of that work and any re-application of those findings is that the Input/Output tables, the HES survey, and the Emissions Inventory were not recent; they corresponded to the 2012/13 tax year. A significant error was also discovered in the emissions due to residential gas use that was used in that work.

Improvements in this analysis include:

  • Using CCC estimates for fuel price increase that are based on simple emission factors and actual reported prices.
  • Updated data, including:
    • the most recent HES expenditure survey (2018/19).
    • for food price increases, we use the National Accounts Input/Output tables for 2020 and the MfE Greenhouse Gas Inventory for 2019.

Note: Expenditure is not equivalised in this analysis. This is consistent with our usual approach for winners and losers due to tax and welfare reforms; households are grouped according to equivalised income – but the gains and losses are not equivalised.

Key Observations

  • Compared with recent inflation, most of the impacts modelled here are small to moderate. For example, the largest expenditure impact modelled here: the 24.33% price increase for Petrol, due to a carbon price of $224.80, is less than the 32% increase experienced between the 2020 and 2021 December quarters (https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/consumers-price-index-december-2021-quarter).

  • Household electricity expenditure is relatively constant across the equivalised income distribution; variation within each quintile exceeds the variation across them. Other factors, such as geographical location and family size may play a larger role. Correspondingly, electricity expenditure as a percentage of disposable income is higher for lower equivalised income quintiles, and electricity price impacts of carbon price increases are regressive.

  • Across all quintiles, most households do not have Gas expenditure, although the percentage of households with gas expenditure increases with equivalised income. The percentage of households with diesel expenditure is very small, 5.0% ± 0.9%, which results in some statistics not being cleared from the IDI due to confidentiality rules.

  • The calculated food price increases are small, but food expenditure is several times greater than the largest fuel expense (Petrol) so the effect of carbon prices increases on food expenditure is noticeable, but still less than the Petrol and Electricity impacts.

  • Food expenditure increases with HEDI quintile, but is still a larger fraction of disposable income for households with low equivalised income. So food price impacts of carbon price increases are regressive, but less so than for electricity.

  • Aside from the significantly lower percentage of households with Petrol expenditure in the lowest HEDI quintile (42.3% ± 3.8% vs. 54.2% ± 1.7% for the overall population), petrol price impacts of carbon price increases are regressive, as are the combined effects of fuel and food.

  • The median annual expenditure on Petrol for Māori households ($2,086 ± $606) is twice that of Other households ($1,043 ± $428). Therefore increased carbon prices and the resulting Petrol prices have a greater impact on Māori households. This difference is driven by a larger percentage of Māori households having Petrol expenditure (60.3% ± 4.5% vs 52.5% ± 1.9% for Other); when the statistics are conditional on non-zero expenditure the median and mean Petrol expenditure of Māori households align with the overall population (at roughly $4,100 and $4,700 respectively). When conditioned on non-zero expenditure, the median Petrol expenditure for Pacific households ($3,128 ± $494) is significantly below that of Other households ($4,084 ± $157) and the overall population ($4,067 ± $222). Further analysis on the urban/rural split of these populations could help explain these differences.

  • The lower bound Electricity price increase does not qualitatively change the overall distributional impacts, though the magnitudes are somewhat reduced. For example: for the $134.90 carbon price, the median change in Fuel and food expenditure for HEDI Quintile 1 as a percentage of disposable income is 0.98 ± 0.13% for the lower bound compared with 1.36 ± 0.13% for the best estimate Electricity price increase.

  • As in other TAWA analysis. Very low modelled incomes in the bottom quintile adversely affect the expenditure as a percentage of disposable income results, particularly the mean. Means of expenditure as a percentage of disposable income have not been provided in this analysis.

Request Details

For tax year 2018/19, tables showing the mean, and 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 (median), 0.75, 0.9 quantiles for each group (see below for groups):

  • Household fuels and food expenditure
    • Petrol
    • Diesel
    • Gas
    • Electricity
    • Food
    • Total fuel (petrol, gas, diesel, and electricity)
    • Total fuel and food
  • Household fuels and food expenditure as a percentage of disposable income
  • Change in household fuels and food expenditure for carbon prices (per metric tonne) of $45, $89.90, $134.90, $179.80, $224.80 in 2019 NZ$ compared to a 2019 reference price of $24.73/metric tonne.
  • Change in household fuels and food expenditure for the carbon price changes above as a percentage of Household Disposable Income

For each quantity above, populations are grouped by

  • Household Equivalised Disposable Income (HEDI) quintile
  • Māori/Pacific/Other households (here Māori and Pacific households are HES surveyed households that include one or more individual that listed Māori or Pacific as an ethnic group they belong to)
  • All households

Estimates of the population of these groups are also provided

Two versions of these outputs are provided: one with summary statistics calculated over each grouping, and another set where the statistics are conditional on non-zero expenditure in each category

All values are given with 95% confidence intervals associated with sampling error.

Hypothetical carbon prices and resulting price increases

The hypothetical 2019 carbon prices suggested by CCC are listed above, and were selected to match inflation adjusted 2022 prices of $50, $100, $150, $200, and $250. The details of the CCC calculation of consumer fuel price increases are shown in https://portia.hamlet.treasury.govt.nz/work/link/d/IMANAGE!4662374.1.

The calculation of food price increases due to the use of fuel in food supply and freight, using National Accounts Input/Output tables and the MfE Greenhouse Gas Inventory, is shown in https://portia.hamlet.treasury.govt.nz/work/link/d/IMANAGE!4658801.1. This is the same method used in the 2019 analysis (TAR 186); the percentage price increase is the change in carbon cost (from the 2019 reference, $24.73) times the total emissions due to household consumption, divided by the total household consumption. Multiple food groupings are considered. For each food grouping the household emissions are assumed to be the household consumption share of that food grouping times the total fuel and freight emissions for that food grouping. Multiple fuel types and freight modes are considered. There are strong assumptions in most steps of these calculations. Further, there is potential for inaccuracy in the input/output and emissions tables and the mapping between them.

To account for uncertainty in the timescale at which wholesale price increases are passed through to consumers, CCC provided a second set of Electricity prices representing a lower bound. Household expenditure impacts are also calculated for these prices (as well as the total fuel and food expenditure).

In all the price calculations we assume that additional carbon costs are passed through instantaneously and simultaneously to households. This, and the strong assumptions and limitations already mentioned, lead to the recommendation that these prices, and any downstream analysis, are considered first order approximations.

Percentage price increases
Hypothetical carbon price $/metric tonne
Product 45 89.9 134.9 179.8 224.8
Electricity 2.62 8.43 14.24 20.05 25.87
Gas 3.20 10.32 17.44 24.56 31.67
Petrol 2.46 7.93 13.39 18.86 24.33
Diesel 4.14 13.33 22.53 31.72 40.91
Food 0.11 0.35 0.60 0.84 1.08
Electricity (low) 1.50 4.84 8.17 11.51 14.84
Note:
CCC price increases for Electricity, Gas, and Petrol came from “input/ETS Energy price projections 130622.xlsx”, and the lower Electricity price option from “input/ETS Energy price projections 170622.xlsx”. Food price increases are from input/price_increases.csv, which in turn was calculated in https://portia.hamlet.treasury.govt.nz/work/link/d/IMANAGE!4658801.1.

Survey and forecasts

The inputs to TAWA will be based on HES19 and BEFU22. Note that the Expenditure component of HES19 only has a subset of the respondents of the Income Survey (roughly 4,000 out of 20,000 households), so the income distribution output in this work will differ from other TAWA analysis, and the confidence intervals will be larger.

Method

Household expenditure on Petrol, Electricity, Gas, and Food were obtained by aggregating HES 18/19 Expenditure Survey records with the following NZHEC expenditure classifications:

  • Petrol: 07.2.02*
  • Diesel: 07.2.03.0.0.01
  • Electricity: 04.5.01*
  • Gas: 04.5.02*
  • Food: 0.1*

As a measure of expenditure over income, TAR 186 (the 2019 analysis) used the total expenditure on fuel for each quintile divided by the total disposable income over that quintile. While this is indicative of the average expenditure/income for households in these groups it isn’t the same, and the latter is more meaningful if we are interested in the impacts on households. In this analysis we calculate expenditure percentages for each household and produce summary statistics of these for each grouping.

Understanding the box plots

The bold line in the center of the box is the estimated median of the population. The notch that surrounds this gives the 95% confidence interval of the median estimate. Comparing the notches of adjacent boxes gives an indication of whether populations have significantly different medians, i.e. if the notches don’t overlap then they are more likely to be real differences in the populations. The edges of the box represent the lower (LQ) and upper (UQ) quartiles. The whiskers represent the 10th and 90th percentile. Some versions of box plots you might see elsewhere show minimum and maximum values in the whiskers; we can’t do this due to IDI confidentiality rules. The estimated population mean and its 95% confidence interval are shown in red.

Populations with fuel and food expenditure

By HEDI

Plots

Table

Number and percentage of households with non-zero expenditure by HEDI
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity 88.8% ± 2.2% 89.0% ± 2.4% 88.2% ± 2.9% 88.1% ± 2.8% 87.5% ± 2.8% 88.3% ± 1.3%
311,000 ± 8,000 312,000 ± 9,000 308,000 ± 10,000 309,000 ± 10,000 306,000 ± 10,000 1,545,000 ± 23,000
Gas 28.1% ± 3.3% 32.5% ± 3.8% 36.9% ± 3.3% 41.8% ± 3.7% 48.5% ± 3.6% 37.6% ± 1.6%
98,000 ± 12,000 114,000 ± 14,000 129,000 ± 12,000 142,000 ± 16,000 169,000 ± 13,000 657,000 ± 28,000
Petrol 42.3% ± 3.8% 58.2% ± 3.9% 57.8% ± 3.7% 58.1% ± 3.7% 54.9% ± 4.2% 54.2% ± 1.7%
148,000 ± 14,000 204,000 ± 14,000 202,000 ± 14,000 203,000 ± 14,000 192,000 ± 15,000 949,000 ± 31,000
Diesel 4.1% ± 1.6% 4.4% ± 1.9% 3.6% ± 1.7% 6.6% ± 2.1% 6.5% ± 1.8% 5.0% ± 0.9%
14,000 ± 6,000 15,000 ± 7,000 12,000 ± 6,000 25,000 ± 8,000 23,000 ± 7,000 88,000 ± 16,000
Food 92.3% ± 2.1% 97.2% ± 1.4% 97.4% ± 1.2% 97.8% ± 1.0% 98.4% ± 0.9% 96.6% ± 0.6%
323,000 ± 8,000 341,000 ± 6,000 340,000 ± 5,000 343,000 ± 5,000 344,000 ± 3,000 1,690,000 ± 10,000
Fuel 94.2% ± 1.7% 96.4% ± 1.5% 96.6% ± 1.5% 95.2% ± 1.8% 95.7% ± 1.6% 95.6% ± 0.7%
330,000 ± 7,000 338,000 ± 6,000 337,000 ± 6,000 333,000 ± 7,000 334,000 ± 6,000 1,673,000 ± 13,000
Fuel and food 99.1% ± 0.8% 99.9% ± 0.3% 99.8% ± 0.4% 99.8% ± 0.3% 99.8% ± 0.3% 99.7% ± 0.2%
347,000 ± 3,000 350,000 ± 3,000 348,000 ± 3,000 350,000 ± 2,000 348,000 ± 2,000 1,743,000 ± 4,000
Upper HEDI ($) 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Total households 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

By Ethnicity

Plots

Table

Number and percentage of households with non-zero expenditure by ethnicity
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity 88.3% ± 2.8% 86.1% ± 4.7% 88.4% ± 1.3% 88.3% ± 1.3%
312,000 ± 17,000 113,000 ± 16,000 1,161,000 ± 25,000 1,545,000 ± 23,000
Gas 35.1% ± 3.5% 27.7% ± 5.6% 38.8% ± 1.8% 37.6% ± 1.6%
124,000 ± 14,000 36,000 ± 9,000 510,000 ± 24,000 657,000 ± 28,000
Petrol 60.3% ± 4.5% 59.2% ± 5.9% 52.5% ± 1.9% 54.2% ± 1.7%
213,000 ± 18,000 78,000 ± 12,000 690,000 ± 29,000 949,000 ± 31,000
Diesel 6.3% ± 2.2% S 4.9% ± 1.0% 5.0% ± 0.9%
22,000 ± 8,000 S 65,000 ± 13,000 88,000 ± 16,000
Food 94.6% ± 1.6% 92.0% ± 3.3% 97.5% ± 0.5% 96.6% ± 0.6%
334,000 ± 16,000 121,000 ± 16,000 1,281,000 ± 22,000 1,690,000 ± 10,000
Fuel 95.4% ± 1.9% 94.5% ± 2.7% 95.8% ± 0.7% 95.6% ± 0.7%
337,000 ± 16,000 124,000 ± 17,000 1,258,000 ± 23,000 1,673,000 ± 13,000
Fuel and food 99.6% ± 0.5% 98.7% ± 1.1% 99.8% ± 0.2% 99.7% ± 0.2%
352,000 ± 15,000 130,000 ± 17,000 1,310,000 ± 22,000 1,743,000 ± 4,000
Total households 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

Household fuels and food expenditure

Summary statistics based on group populations

By HEDI

Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile ($)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity mean 1,705 ± 93 1,862 ± 107 1,968 ± 115 2,017 ± 108 2,208 ± 133 1,952 ± 53
P10 0 ± 209 0 ± 122 0 ± 127 0 ± 273 0 ± 97 0 ± 20
P25 922 ± 76 1,020 ± 92 1,080 ± 106 1,044 ± 139 1,200 ± 178 1,043 ± 57
median 1,560 ± 91 1,756 ± 121 1,825 ± 142 1,825 ± 110 2,004 ± 164 1,800 ± 39
P75 2,304 ± 142 2,520 ± 159 2,731 ± 159 2,879 ± 187 3,000 ± 128 2,640 ± 76
P90 3,128 ± 280 3,393 ± 358 3,600 ± 220 3,888 ± 310 4,200 ± 369 3,600 ± 73
Gas mean 102 ± 19 135 ± 27 149 ± 26 161 ± 27 296 ± 52 168 ± 15
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 20 0 ± 0
P75 30 ± 19 46 ± 23 76 ± 22 120 ± 36 340 ± 167 90 ± 16
P90 360 ± 84 540 ± 197 600 ± 102 668 ± 111 972 ± 137 650 ± 52
Petrol mean 1,623 ± 233 2,260 ± 232 2,868 ± 258 3,164 ± 330 3,014 ± 349 2,586 ± 143
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 1,564 ± 477 2,065 ± 360 2,086 ± 409 2,028 ± 1,064 1,347 ± 375
P75 2,487 ± 335 3,650 ± 480 4,694 ± 362 5,114 ± 437 5,157 ± 402 4,197 ± 166
P90 4,844 ± 458 5,714 ± 562 7,677 ± 836 8,476 ± 971 8,319 ± 942 7,168 ± 471
Diesel mean 109 ± 52 147 ± 69 146 ± 79 242 ± 86 248 ± 86 178 ± 30
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P90 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
Food mean 7,324 ± 584 10,391 ± 718 12,325 ± 849 14,763 ± 847 17,375 ± 1,228 12,433 ± 352
P10 547 ± 334 1,825 ± 319 2,855 ± 477 3,736 ± 579 4,776 ± 1,012 2,060 ± 227
P25 2,483 ± 336 4,209 ± 495 5,525 ± 776 7,377 ± 747 8,991 ± 516 5,136 ± 274
median 5,503 ± 596 8,574 ± 727 10,665 ± 884 13,297 ± 986 14,995 ± 686 10,319 ± 344
P75 10,297 ± 1,059 14,429 ± 1,339 17,074 ± 1,307 19,850 ± 1,460 22,898 ± 832 17,224 ± 444
P90 16,003 ± 1,799 21,675 ± 1,831 23,248 ± 1,243 28,344 ± 3,107 30,682 ± 2,584 24,726 ± 878
Fuel mean 3,539 ± 263 4,403 ± 287 5,131 ± 300 5,584 ± 348 5,767 ± 412 4,884 ± 159
P10 711 ± 176 1,043 ± 147 1,158 ± 193 1,060 ± 251 1,106 ± 372 960 ± 87
P25 1,332 ± 165 1,943 ± 232 2,092 ± 201 2,329 ± 291 2,328 ± 225 1,920 ± 80
median 2,400 ± 191 3,704 ± 263 4,359 ± 274 4,797 ± 395 5,183 ± 534 3,921 ± 196
P75 4,737 ± 399 5,890 ± 433 7,130 ± 530 7,746 ± 530 8,260 ± 663 6,837 ± 276
P90 7,482 ± 823 8,870 ± 772 10,395 ± 600 11,676 ± 1,287 11,557 ± 1,043 10,366 ± 559
Fuel and food mean 10,862 ± 731 14,794 ± 855 17,456 ± 961 20,347 ± 1,046 23,142 ± 1,371 17,317 ± 412
P10 2,408 ± 341 4,406 ± 442 5,966 ± 721 6,576 ± 843 8,464 ± 1,051 4,562 ± 237
P25 4,767 ± 418 7,262 ± 644 9,284 ± 738 11,388 ± 1,107 13,455 ± 1,012 8,210 ± 308
median 8,355 ± 674 12,417 ± 890 16,014 ± 1,299 18,207 ± 1,093 21,165 ± 1,170 14,992 ± 390
P75 14,371 ± 1,186 19,924 ± 1,291 22,947 ± 1,505 26,844 ± 1,663 29,461 ± 1,219 23,689 ± 455
P90 23,043 ± 1,771 28,920 ± 2,161 30,561 ± 1,613 37,662 ± 3,693 38,785 ± 2,689 32,365 ± 918
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

By Ethnicity

Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure by Ethnicity ($)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity mean 2,116 ± 116 2,021 ± 182 1,898 ± 58 1,952 ± 53
P10 0 ± 156 0 ± 99 0 ± 3 0 ± 20
P25 1,200 ± 186 1,032 ± 245 1,009 ± 58 1,043 ± 57
median 1,990 ± 141 1,920 ± 227 1,721 ± 74 1,800 ± 39
P75 2,880 ± 193 2,607 ± 266 2,616 ± 81 2,640 ± 76
P90 3,911 ± 329 4,171 ± 758 3,592 ± 61 3,600 ± 73
Gas mean 141 ± 29 106 ± 43 178 ± 18 168 ± 15
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 60 ± 25 30 ± 28 101 ± 12 90 ± 16
P90 462 ± 160 186 ± 226 682 ± 56 650 ± 52
Petrol mean 2,828 ± 277 2,452 ± 380 2,531 ± 151 2,586 ± 143
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 2,086 ± 606 1,567 ± 781 1,043 ± 428 1,347 ± 375
P75 4,693 ± 549 3,727 ± 858 4,171 ± 161 4,197 ± 166
P90 7,300 ± 902 6,553 ± 888 7,170 ± 524 7,168 ± 471
Diesel mean 250 ± 92 105 ± 93 169 ± 33 178 ± 30
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P90 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
Food mean 12,551 ± 752 12,916 ± 1,336 12,368 ± 419 12,433 ± 352
P10 1,613 ± 312 923 ± 1,050 2,283 ± 245 2,060 ± 227
P25 4,706 ± 708 4,602 ± 1,678 5,204 ± 292 5,136 ± 274
median 10,504 ± 1,041 11,252 ± 1,852 10,207 ± 475 10,319 ± 344
P75 18,400 ± 1,448 19,221 ± 2,604 16,972 ± 424 17,224 ± 444
P90 26,576 ± 1,727 26,122 ± 2,494 24,337 ± 834 24,726 ± 878
Fuel mean 5,334 ± 366 4,685 ± 468 4,777 ± 163 4,884 ± 159
P10 1,080 ± 346 865 ± 428 959 ± 88 960 ± 87
P25 2,126 ± 285 1,929 ± 278 1,862 ± 98 1,920 ± 80
median 4,440 ± 405 4,126 ± 746 3,768 ± 222 3,921 ± 196
P75 7,341 ± 401 6,206 ± 848 6,650 ± 263 6,837 ± 276
P90 10,965 ± 763 10,331 ± 1,898 10,063 ± 533 10,366 ± 559
Fuel and food mean 17,885 ± 940 17,600 ± 1,536 17,145 ± 479 17,317 ± 412
P10 4,455 ± 725 2,876 ± 805 4,704 ± 306 4,562 ± 237
P25 8,260 ± 827 8,500 ± 1,777 8,215 ± 354 8,210 ± 308
median 15,457 ± 1,343 16,330 ± 1,967 14,768 ± 497 14,992 ± 390
P75 24,655 ± 1,532 25,299 ± 1,998 23,144 ± 542 23,689 ± 455
P90 34,717 ± 2,509 31,425 ± 4,600 31,918 ± 903 32,365 ± 918
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

Summary statistics based on populations with non-zero expenditure

By HEDI

Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile ($)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity mean 1,919 ± 88 2,091 ± 102 2,231 ± 109 2,290 ± 99 2,522 ± 135 2,209 ± 47
P10 794 ± 71 813 ± 90 960 ± 86 924 ± 110 1,040 ± 85 876 ± 52
P25 1,124 ± 85 1,200 ± 78 1,320 ± 124 1,365 ± 90 1,512 ± 96 1,304 ± 53
median 1,728 ± 98 1,920 ± 126 2,040 ± 124 2,030 ± 128 2,220 ± 119 1,945 ± 68
P75 2,400 ± 84 2,652 ± 155 2,880 ± 185 3,000 ± 133 3,120 ± 195 2,840 ± 87
P90 3,360 ± 314 3,600 ± 260 3,696 ± 307 4,075 ± 301 4,251 ± 407 3,720 ± 161
Gas mean 363 ± 52 413 ± 67 403 ± 60 433 ± 99 611 ± 94 448 ± 34
P10 30 ± 4 30 ± 4 30 ± 5 34 ± 3 36 ± 3 34 ± 3
P25 60 ± 20 60 ± 24 50 ± 17 70 ± 10 80 ± 26 60 ± 9
median 180 ± 67 125 ± 49 150 ± 68 200 ± 81 360 ± 145 185 ± 29
P75 462 ± 125 650 ± 84 624 ± 97 742 ± 196 857 ± 133 673 ± 45
P90 1,023 ± 230 1,096 ± 180 1,036 ± 217 1,180 ± 299 1,440 ± 261 1,160 ± 87
Petrol mean 3,838 ± 443 3,886 ± 305 4,958 ± 373 5,450 ± 421 5,492 ± 437 4,766 ± 189
P10 1,251 ± 364 1,434 ± 364 1,564 ± 479 1,825 ± 449 2,086 ± 291 1,564 ± 64
P25 2,032 ± 193 2,086 ± 44 2,532 ± 277 2,607 ± 339 3,128 ± 432 2,346 ± 214
median 2,749 ± 355 3,128 ± 358 4,171 ± 363 4,555 ± 358 4,970 ± 441 4,067 ± 222
P75 4,693 ± 393 4,927 ± 409 6,553 ± 593 7,138 ± 710 7,323 ± 794 6,194 ± 410
P90 6,721 ± 1,934 7,116 ± 1,411 9,374 ± 1,176 10,611 ± 1,396 9,769 ± 796 9,204 ± 437
Diesel mean 2,651 ± 695 3,349 ± 728 4,101 ± 871 3,859 ± 582 3,837 ± 741 3,551 ± 285
P10 S S S S S 1,564 ± 573
P25 1,818 ± 1,026 2,086 ± 730 3,241 ± 1,452 2,607 ± 677 2,652 ± 774 2,086 ± 312
median 2,267 ± 841 2,929 ± 1,269 4,171 ± 1,067 4,046 ± 1,327 3,239 ± 409 3,285 ± 430
P75 4,144 ± 1,839 4,534 ± 1,084 5,735 ± 1,230 4,745 ± 517 4,171 ± 1,107 4,676 ± 364
P90 S S S S S 5,735 ± 406
Food mean 7,931 ± 587 10,695 ± 702 12,653 ± 848 15,089 ± 855 17,650 ± 1,264 12,866 ± 369
P10 1,627 ± 333 2,190 ± 394 3,305 ± 457 4,355 ± 729 5,558 ± 1,013 2,728 ± 215
P25 3,197 ± 289 4,618 ± 454 6,006 ± 649 7,612 ± 686 9,209 ± 553 5,578 ± 287
median 6,127 ± 456 8,887 ± 801 10,911 ± 890 13,413 ± 867 15,153 ± 720 10,689 ± 325
P75 10,835 ± 1,009 14,855 ± 1,529 17,322 ± 1,294 20,228 ± 1,505 22,973 ± 828 17,572 ± 516
P90 16,933 ± 1,511 21,743 ± 1,718 23,255 ± 1,478 28,612 ± 3,270 30,763 ± 2,634 25,113 ± 978
Fuel mean 3,757 ± 272 4,569 ± 297 5,311 ± 291 5,866 ± 369 6,027 ± 407 5,109 ± 161
P10 960 ± 70 1,225 ± 180 1,373 ± 125 1,451 ± 148 1,470 ± 208 1,200 ± 85
P25 1,560 ± 114 2,107 ± 223 2,340 ± 264 2,598 ± 242 2,509 ± 304 2,086 ± 68
median 2,548 ± 192 3,852 ± 286 4,457 ± 236 4,953 ± 261 5,416 ± 497 4,171 ± 176
P75 4,926 ± 429 5,995 ± 465 7,268 ± 498 7,874 ± 543 8,400 ± 642 6,988 ± 232
P90 7,762 ± 903 8,874 ± 678 10,444 ± 619 11,752 ± 1,243 11,876 ± 1,185 10,463 ± 428
Fuel and food mean 10,962 ± 736 14,814 ± 848 17,499 ± 970 20,385 ± 1,054 23,191 ± 1,365 17,376 ± 414
P10 2,486 ± 354 4,440 ± 427 6,016 ± 695 6,612 ± 773 8,534 ± 1,000 4,670 ± 269
P25 4,871 ± 393 7,284 ± 631 9,363 ± 706 11,393 ± 1,064 13,509 ± 1,013 8,278 ± 325
median 8,389 ± 739 12,418 ± 859 16,014 ± 1,337 18,247 ± 1,085 21,254 ± 1,161 15,027 ± 375
P75 14,585 ± 1,082 19,924 ± 1,305 22,975 ± 1,506 26,894 ± 1,677 29,461 ± 1,233 23,721 ± 450
P90 23,043 ± 1,732 28,920 ± 2,126 30,561 ± 1,621 37,662 ± 3,687 38,785 ± 2,762 32,408 ± 927
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

By Ethnicity

Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure by Ethnicity ($)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity mean 2,396 ± 113 2,347 ± 174 2,147 ± 54 2,209 ± 47
P10 1,002 ± 99 900 ± 174 852 ± 40 876 ± 52
P25 1,560 ± 100 1,382 ± 201 1,222 ± 51 1,304 ± 53
median 2,190 ± 140 2,160 ± 195 1,888 ± 58 1,945 ± 68
P75 3,000 ± 161 2,885 ± 319 2,760 ± 95 2,840 ± 87
P90 4,113 ± 335 4,344 ± 638 3,600 ± 104 3,720 ± 161
Gas mean 401 ± 73 382 ± 134 458 ± 39 448 ± 34
P10 30 ± 3 30 ± 6 35 ± 2 34 ± 3
P25 46 ± 11 40 ± 7 70 ± 8 60 ± 9
median 135 ± 42 80 ± 40 200 ± 41 185 ± 29
P75 556 ± 158 440 ± 374 700 ± 60 673 ± 45
P90 1,243 ± 301 1,043 ± 390 1,140 ± 99 1,160 ± 87
Petrol mean 4,693 ± 372 4,140 ± 489 4,821 ± 217 4,766 ± 189
P10 1,564 ± 221 1,564 ± 615 1,564 ± 89 1,564 ± 64
P25 2,086 ± 337 2,086 ± 115 2,485 ± 228 2,346 ± 214
median 4,066 ± 727 3,128 ± 494 4,084 ± 157 4,067 ± 222
P75 6,257 ± 756 5,461 ± 1,010 6,208 ± 387 6,194 ± 410
P90 9,021 ± 850 8,108 ± 1,116 9,380 ± 544 9,204 ± 437
Diesel mean 3,939 ± 703 S 3,427 ± 332 3,551 ± 285
P10 S S 1,818 ± 761 1,564 ± 573
P25 2,086 ± 840 S 2,125 ± 348 2,086 ± 312
median 4,144 ± 1,362 S 3,261 ± 397 3,285 ± 430
P75 5,735 ± 1,168 S 4,491 ± 468 4,676 ± 364
P90 S S 5,347 ± 501 5,735 ± 406
Food mean 13,262 ± 745 14,046 ± 1,300 12,684 ± 436 12,866 ± 369
P10 2,557 ± 451 2,559 ± 1,228 2,790 ± 251 2,728 ± 215
P25 5,522 ± 787 6,541 ± 1,538 5,525 ± 321 5,578 ± 287
median 11,409 ± 1,233 12,680 ± 1,805 10,534 ± 434 10,689 ± 325
P75 18,778 ± 1,278 20,148 ± 2,604 17,177 ± 429 17,572 ± 516
P90 26,873 ± 1,544 26,515 ± 2,535 24,503 ± 870 25,113 ± 978
Fuel mean 5,591 ± 361 4,959 ± 503 4,988 ± 165 5,109 ± 161
P10 1,560 ± 144 1,260 ± 232 1,178 ± 81 1,200 ± 85
P25 2,411 ± 203 2,160 ± 292 2,027 ± 86 2,086 ± 68
median 4,680 ± 413 4,247 ± 512 4,000 ± 253 4,171 ± 176
P75 7,377 ± 392 6,344 ± 907 6,808 ± 261 6,988 ± 232
P90 11,171 ± 838 10,463 ± 1,877 10,329 ± 597 10,463 ± 428
Fuel and food mean 17,956 ± 940 17,827 ± 1,546 17,189 ± 480 17,376 ± 414
P10 4,487 ± 654 3,128 ± 943 4,792 ± 310 4,670 ± 269
P25 8,278 ± 898 8,589 ± 1,640 8,302 ± 369 8,278 ± 325
median 15,497 ± 1,341 16,359 ± 2,044 14,810 ± 489 15,027 ± 375
P75 24,655 ± 1,583 25,407 ± 2,030 23,156 ± 536 23,721 ± 450
P90 34,717 ± 2,567 31,425 ± 4,740 31,977 ± 913 32,408 ± 927
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

Expenditure as a percentage of household disposable income

As in other TAWA analysis. Very low modelled incomes in the bottom quintile adversely affect the expenditure as a percentage of disposable income results, particularly the mean. Means of expenditure as a percentage of disposable income have not been provided in this analysis.

Summary statistics based on group populations

By HEDI

Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile (%)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity P10 0.0 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.3 0.0 ± 0.2 0.0 ± 0.2 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
P25 3.3 ± 0.3 1.9 ± 0.2 1.6 ± 0.2 1.1 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.1
median 5.1 ± 0.4 3.3 ± 0.2 2.4 ± 0.1 1.8 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.1 2.3 ± 0.1
P75 8.0 ± 0.5 4.7 ± 0.3 3.3 ± 0.2 2.6 ± 0.1 1.8 ± 0.1 4.0 ± 0.1
P90 11.8 ± 1.6 6.6 ± 0.3 4.7 ± 0.3 3.7 ± 0.3 2.5 ± 0.2 6.4 ± 0.3
Gas P10 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
P25 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
median 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
P75 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.0
P90 1.1 ± 0.3 0.9 ± 0.3 0.7 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.1
Petrol P10 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
P25 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
median 0.0 ± 0.0 2.7 ± 0.6 2.1 ± 0.5 1.9 ± 0.4 0.8 ± 0.6 1.5 ± 0.4
P75 7.9 ± 1.0 6.9 ± 0.9 5.8 ± 0.4 4.7 ± 0.5 2.9 ± 0.3 5.2 ± 0.3
P90 14.7 ± 2.7 10.0 ± 0.9 9.1 ± 0.9 7.3 ± 0.7 4.7 ± 0.6 9.1 ± 0.5
Diesel P10 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
P25 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
median 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
P75 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
P90 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
Food P10 1.5 ± 1.5 3.8 ± 0.9 3.9 ± 0.6 3.5 ± 0.6 2.7 ± 0.5 3.2 ± 0.3
P25 9.4 ± 1.4 9.0 ± 1.2 7.9 ± 0.9 7.6 ± 0.8 5.2 ± 0.5 7.3 ± 0.3
median 18.5 ± 1.4 16.0 ± 1.1 13.8 ± 1.1 12.5 ± 0.8 8.6 ± 0.5 13.2 ± 0.4
P75 30.9 ± 2.9 24.4 ± 1.9 20.9 ± 1.4 17.7 ± 0.8 12.9 ± 0.7 20.6 ± 0.7
P90 51.0 ± 5.5 34.1 ± 2.8 26.7 ± 1.2 22.8 ± 2.0 17.1 ± 1.3 30.1 ± 1.5
Fuel P10 2.3 ± 0.9 2.2 ± 0.3 1.7 ± 0.3 1.2 ± 0.2 0.6 ± 0.2 1.2 ± 0.1
P25 4.8 ± 0.5 3.8 ± 0.2 2.8 ± 0.2 2.2 ± 0.2 1.3 ± 0.2 2.6 ± 0.2
median 8.4 ± 0.8 6.7 ± 0.4 5.5 ± 0.3 4.4 ± 0.4 2.8 ± 0.3 5.1 ± 0.2
P75 16.6 ± 1.7 10.8 ± 0.6 8.9 ± 0.9 7.5 ± 0.4 4.7 ± 0.4 9.1 ± 0.4
P90 25.7 ± 2.7 14.6 ± 1.2 12.4 ± 0.8 10.1 ± 0.8 7.0 ± 0.8 14.2 ± 0.5
Fuel and food P10 9.1 ± 1.5 9.1 ± 1.0 8.5 ± 1.1 7.1 ± 0.9 4.5 ± 0.7 6.9 ± 0.4
P25 17.9 ± 1.4 15.4 ± 0.9 13.1 ± 1.4 11.6 ± 0.8 7.8 ± 0.7 11.9 ± 0.5
median 29.3 ± 2.0 22.9 ± 1.3 20.0 ± 1.0 17.4 ± 1.0 12.0 ± 0.7 19.0 ± 0.6
P75 45.5 ± 2.8 34.5 ± 2.2 27.8 ± 1.4 24.0 ± 1.0 17.1 ± 1.0 28.7 ± 0.8
P90 71.3 ± 7.1 46.0 ± 2.5 36.3 ± 1.9 30.7 ± 1.4 22.5 ± 1.7 41.7 ± 1.7
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

By Ethnicity

Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Ethnicity (%)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity P10 0.0 ± 0.2 0.0 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
P25 1.3 ± 0.2 1.0 ± 0.3 1.1 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.1
median 2.6 ± 0.2 2.2 ± 0.2 2.3 ± 0.1 2.3 ± 0.1
P75 4.5 ± 0.5 3.7 ± 0.5 4.0 ± 0.1 4.0 ± 0.1
P90 7.3 ± 0.6 6.3 ± 1.0 6.2 ± 0.3 6.4 ± 0.3
Gas P10 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
P25 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
median 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
P75 0.1 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.0
P90 0.6 ± 0.2 0.2 ± 0.3 0.7 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.1
Petrol P10 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
P25 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
median 2.4 ± 0.7 1.8 ± 0.6 1.1 ± 0.5 1.5 ± 0.4
P75 5.8 ± 0.9 4.3 ± 1.0 5.2 ± 0.3 5.2 ± 0.3
P90 8.8 ± 0.9 7.6 ± 1.0 9.2 ± 0.5 9.1 ± 0.5
Diesel P10 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
P25 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
median 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
P75 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
P90 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
Food P10 2.5 ± 0.9 2.0 ± 1.9 3.4 ± 0.3 3.2 ± 0.3
P25 7.3 ± 1.0 6.1 ± 1.5 7.4 ± 0.3 7.3 ± 0.3
median 13.5 ± 1.0 12.2 ± 2.0 13.2 ± 0.4 13.2 ± 0.4
P75 20.8 ± 1.5 19.8 ± 2.1 20.6 ± 0.7 20.6 ± 0.7
P90 29.2 ± 2.6 28.8 ± 3.9 30.7 ± 1.9 30.1 ± 1.5
Fuel P10 1.3 ± 0.4 1.0 ± 0.6 1.1 ± 0.2 1.2 ± 0.1
P25 3.0 ± 0.4 2.2 ± 0.5 2.6 ± 0.2 2.6 ± 0.2
median 6.0 ± 0.5 4.5 ± 0.6 5.0 ± 0.2 5.1 ± 0.2
P75 10.1 ± 1.1 7.8 ± 1.2 8.9 ± 0.4 9.1 ± 0.4
P90 15.4 ± 2.0 12.6 ± 2.0 14.1 ± 0.6 14.2 ± 0.5
Fuel and food P10 7.3 ± 0.9 5.1 ± 1.7 6.9 ± 0.5 6.9 ± 0.4
P25 12.1 ± 1.5 9.6 ± 1.4 12.0 ± 0.5 11.9 ± 0.5
median 19.8 ± 1.2 17.3 ± 2.1 18.9 ± 0.7 19.0 ± 0.6
P75 29.4 ± 1.9 25.9 ± 3.5 28.8 ± 0.9 28.7 ± 0.8
P90 40.6 ± 3.6 38.9 ± 7.0 42.4 ± 1.9 41.7 ± 1.7
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

Summary statistics based on populations with non-zero expenditure

By HEDI

Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile (%)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity P10 2.8 ± 0.3 1.6 ± 0.2 1.2 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.0
P25 3.9 ± 0.2 2.5 ± 0.1 1.8 ± 0.2 1.3 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.1 1.6 ± 0.1
median 5.5 ± 0.4 3.5 ± 0.2 2.6 ± 0.1 2.0 ± 0.1 1.3 ± 0.1 2.6 ± 0.1
P75 8.3 ± 0.4 5.0 ± 0.3 3.5 ± 0.3 2.8 ± 0.1 1.9 ± 0.1 4.4 ± 0.2
P90 12.9 ± 1.9 6.8 ± 0.4 4.8 ± 0.3 3.8 ± 0.2 2.6 ± 0.2 6.8 ± 0.4
Gas P10 0.1 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
P25 0.2 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.0
median 0.7 ± 0.2 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.0
P75 1.8 ± 0.4 1.2 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.1
P90 2.9 ± 0.5 2.1 ± 0.3 1.4 ± 0.3 1.0 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.1 1.5 ± 0.2
Petrol P10 3.7 ± 0.6 2.4 ± 0.3 1.8 ± 0.3 1.7 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.3 1.7 ± 0.1
P25 6.2 ± 0.7 3.5 ± 0.3 3.1 ± 0.4 2.6 ± 0.3 1.7 ± 0.2 2.8 ± 0.1
median 9.2 ± 0.9 5.7 ± 0.6 5.3 ± 0.6 4.2 ± 0.3 2.8 ± 0.3 4.8 ± 0.3
P75 13.9 ± 2.0 8.8 ± 0.7 7.9 ± 0.8 6.5 ± 0.4 4.2 ± 0.4 7.9 ± 0.3
P90 23.1 ± 3.3 12.5 ± 1.4 11.3 ± 1.4 8.5 ± 0.8 6.4 ± 1.0 12.0 ± 0.8
Diesel P10 S S S S S 1.3 ± 0.3
P25 4.9 ± 2.8 2.5 ± 1.7 3.9 ± 2.5 2.1 ± 0.4 1.4 ± 0.4 2.0 ± 0.4
median 6.4 ± 2.1 4.0 ± 3.5 4.6 ± 1.0 3.7 ± 1.4 1.7 ± 0.7 3.5 ± 0.8
P75 10.2 ± 3.9 7.0 ± 1.3 5.6 ± 1.1 4.5 ± 0.6 2.6 ± 0.8 5.7 ± 0.8
P90 S S S S S 7.5 ± 1.4
Food P10 6.2 ± 1.1 4.7 ± 0.7 4.5 ± 0.5 4.2 ± 1.1 3.0 ± 0.5 4.1 ± 0.3
P25 12.2 ± 1.0 9.7 ± 1.2 8.4 ± 0.9 8.1 ± 0.8 5.3 ± 0.6 8.0 ± 0.3
median 20.7 ± 2.0 16.2 ± 0.9 14.1 ± 1.2 12.6 ± 0.8 8.7 ± 0.6 13.6 ± 0.4
P75 33.0 ± 2.9 24.7 ± 1.9 21.0 ± 1.3 17.8 ± 0.8 13.0 ± 0.8 20.9 ± 0.8
P90 53.0 ± 8.0 34.2 ± 2.8 26.8 ± 1.2 23.0 ± 2.0 17.1 ± 1.3 30.7 ± 1.6
Fuel P10 3.6 ± 0.2 2.7 ± 0.3 2.0 ± 0.2 1.5 ± 0.2 0.8 ± 0.1 1.6 ± 0.1
P25 5.4 ± 0.4 4.0 ± 0.3 3.0 ± 0.3 2.5 ± 0.2 1.5 ± 0.2 3.0 ± 0.2
median 9.4 ± 0.9 6.9 ± 0.4 5.6 ± 0.3 4.6 ± 0.4 2.9 ± 0.3 5.4 ± 0.2
P75 16.9 ± 1.6 10.9 ± 0.7 9.0 ± 0.8 7.6 ± 0.4 4.8 ± 0.4 9.4 ± 0.4
P90 26.2 ± 2.8 14.6 ± 1.4 12.6 ± 0.8 10.3 ± 0.8 7.2 ± 0.8 14.4 ± 0.6
Fuel and food P10 10.6 ± 1.4 9.2 ± 1.0 8.6 ± 1.0 7.2 ± 0.9 4.6 ± 0.7 7.2 ± 0.4
P25 18.5 ± 1.3 15.5 ± 0.9 13.2 ± 1.4 11.6 ± 0.8 7.8 ± 0.7 12.0 ± 0.5
median 30.0 ± 2.0 22.9 ± 1.3 20.1 ± 1.0 17.6 ± 1.1 12.1 ± 0.7 19.1 ± 0.6
P75 46.2 ± 2.9 34.5 ± 2.3 27.8 ± 1.4 24.0 ± 1.0 17.1 ± 1.0 28.8 ± 0.8
P90 71.3 ± 7.3 46.0 ± 2.5 36.3 ± 1.8 30.7 ± 1.4 22.5 ± 1.7 41.8 ± 1.7
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

By Ethnicity

Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Ethnicity (%)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity P10 1.0 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.0
P25 1.7 ± 0.1 1.7 ± 0.2 1.5 ± 0.1 1.6 ± 0.1
median 2.9 ± 0.2 2.5 ± 0.3 2.6 ± 0.1 2.6 ± 0.1
P75 4.9 ± 0.4 4.0 ± 0.4 4.3 ± 0.2 4.4 ± 0.2
P90 7.6 ± 0.6 6.7 ± 0.8 6.6 ± 0.4 6.8 ± 0.4
Gas P10 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0
P25 0.1 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.0
median 0.2 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.0
P75 0.7 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.4 0.8 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.1
P90 1.3 ± 0.3 1.3 ± 1.0 1.6 ± 0.2 1.5 ± 0.2
Petrol P10 1.7 ± 0.4 1.4 ± 0.3 1.7 ± 0.1 1.7 ± 0.1
P25 2.9 ± 0.3 2.2 ± 0.4 2.8 ± 0.1 2.8 ± 0.1
median 4.7 ± 0.5 3.6 ± 0.7 5.0 ± 0.3 4.8 ± 0.3
P75 7.6 ± 0.5 6.2 ± 0.9 8.2 ± 0.3 7.9 ± 0.3
P90 11.4 ± 2.0 8.9 ± 1.8 12.1 ± 0.8 12.0 ± 0.8
Diesel P10 S S 1.2 ± 0.4 1.3 ± 0.3
P25 2.1 ± 0.6 S 2.0 ± 0.5 2.0 ± 0.4
median 3.5 ± 1.3 S 3.5 ± 0.9 3.5 ± 0.8
P75 5.0 ± 1.8 S 5.9 ± 0.9 5.7 ± 0.8
P90 S S 7.5 ± 1.1 7.5 ± 1.4
Food P10 4.0 ± 0.9 3.8 ± 1.0 4.2 ± 0.3 4.1 ± 0.3
P25 8.3 ± 1.0 7.4 ± 1.3 7.9 ± 0.4 8.0 ± 0.3
median 14.2 ± 1.0 13.7 ± 1.6 13.5 ± 0.4 13.6 ± 0.4
P75 21.3 ± 1.4 20.7 ± 2.5 20.9 ± 0.8 20.9 ± 0.8
P90 29.5 ± 3.1 29.5 ± 5.4 31.2 ± 1.8 30.7 ± 1.6
Fuel P10 1.8 ± 0.2 1.6 ± 0.3 1.6 ± 0.1 1.6 ± 0.1
P25 3.4 ± 0.4 2.8 ± 0.6 2.9 ± 0.2 3.0 ± 0.2
median 6.3 ± 0.5 4.6 ± 0.6 5.3 ± 0.2 5.4 ± 0.2
P75 10.4 ± 1.2 8.1 ± 1.3 9.3 ± 0.4 9.4 ± 0.4
P90 15.6 ± 1.8 13.0 ± 2.1 14.4 ± 0.6 14.4 ± 0.6
Fuel and food P10 7.6 ± 0.8 5.2 ± 2.1 7.2 ± 0.5 7.2 ± 0.4
P25 12.2 ± 1.5 10.0 ± 1.3 12.0 ± 0.5 12.0 ± 0.5
median 19.8 ± 1.2 17.3 ± 2.3 19.0 ± 0.7 19.1 ± 0.6
P75 29.4 ± 1.9 26.2 ± 3.4 28.9 ± 0.9 28.8 ± 0.8
P90 40.6 ± 3.6 39.7 ± 6.8 42.4 ± 1.9 41.8 ± 1.7
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

Changes in expenditure

Summary statistics based on group populations

By HEDI

Carbon price: $ 45
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile ($)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity mean 45 ± 3 49 ± 3 51 ± 3 53 ± 3 58 ± 4 51 ± 2
P10 0 ± 6 0 ± 4 0 ± 4 0 ± 8 0 ± 3 0 ± 1
P25 24 ± 2 27 ± 3 28 ± 3 27 ± 4 31 ± 5 27 ± 2
median 41 ± 3 46 ± 4 48 ± 4 48 ± 3 52 ± 5 47 ± 2
P75 60 ± 4 66 ± 5 71 ± 5 75 ± 5 78 ± 4 69 ± 2
P90 82 ± 8 89 ± 10 94 ± 6 102 ± 9 110 ± 10 94 ± 2
Gas mean 3 ± 1 4 ± 1 5 ± 1 5 ± 1 9 ± 2 5 ± 1
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 1 0 ± 0
P75 1 ± 1 1 ± 1 2 ± 1 4 ± 2 11 ± 6 3 ± 1
P90 12 ± 3 17 ± 7 19 ± 4 21 ± 4 31 ± 5 21 ± 2
Petrol mean 40 ± 6 56 ± 6 71 ± 7 78 ± 9 74 ± 9 64 ± 4
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 38 ± 12 51 ± 9 51 ± 11 50 ± 27 33 ± 10
P75 61 ± 9 90 ± 12 115 ± 9 126 ± 11 127 ± 10 103 ± 5
P90 119 ± 12 141 ± 14 189 ± 21 209 ± 24 205 ± 24 176 ± 12
Diesel mean 5 ± 3 6 ± 3 6 ± 4 10 ± 4 10 ± 4 7 ± 2
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P90 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
Food mean 8 ± 1 11 ± 1 14 ± 1 16 ± 1 19 ± 2 14 ± 1
P10 1 ± 1 2 ± 1 3 ± 1 4 ± 1 5 ± 2 2 ± 1
P25 3 ± 1 5 ± 1 6 ± 1 8 ± 1 10 ± 1 6 ± 1
median 6 ± 1 9 ± 1 12 ± 1 15 ± 2 16 ± 1 11 ± 1
P75 11 ± 2 16 ± 2 19 ± 2 22 ± 2 25 ± 1 19 ± 1
P90 18 ± 2 24 ± 3 26 ± 2 31 ± 4 34 ± 3 27 ± 1
Fuel mean 92 ± 7 115 ± 8 133 ± 8 146 ± 9 152 ± 11 127 ± 5
P10 19 ± 5 27 ± 4 31 ± 6 28 ± 7 29 ± 11 25 ± 3
P25 36 ± 5 50 ± 6 55 ± 6 62 ± 9 62 ± 7 50 ± 2
median 63 ± 4 96 ± 7 113 ± 8 123 ± 9 135 ± 14 102 ± 5
P75 121 ± 9 151 ± 12 185 ± 13 201 ± 14 216 ± 17 177 ± 6
P90 196 ± 24 230 ± 19 266 ± 14 299 ± 26 300 ± 27 266 ± 8
Fuel and food mean 100 ± 8 126 ± 8 146 ± 9 162 ± 10 171 ± 12 141 ± 5
P10 24 ± 4 35 ± 5 38 ± 7 35 ± 12 41 ± 9 32 ± 3
P25 41 ± 5 59 ± 6 67 ± 6 73 ± 8 79 ± 9 60 ± 3
median 69 ± 4 106 ± 8 125 ± 5 136 ± 8 153 ± 12 115 ± 6
P75 132 ± 10 166 ± 10 200 ± 14 217 ± 18 240 ± 21 195 ± 9
P90 213 ± 23 242 ± 18 290 ± 16 322 ± 30 326 ± 25 283 ± 9
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 89.9
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile ($)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity mean 144 ± 8 157 ± 9 166 ± 10 170 ± 10 186 ± 12 165 ± 5
P10 0 ± 18 0 ± 11 0 ± 11 0 ± 23 0 ± 9 0 ± 2
P25 78 ± 7 86 ± 8 91 ± 9 88 ± 12 101 ± 15 88 ± 5
median 131 ± 8 148 ± 11 154 ± 12 154 ± 10 169 ± 14 152 ± 4
P75 194 ± 12 212 ± 14 230 ± 14 243 ± 16 253 ± 11 223 ± 7
P90 264 ± 24 286 ± 31 303 ± 19 328 ± 27 354 ± 32 303 ± 7
Gas mean 11 ± 2 14 ± 3 15 ± 3 17 ± 3 31 ± 6 17 ± 2
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 3 0 ± 0
P75 3 ± 2 5 ± 3 8 ± 3 12 ± 4 35 ± 18 9 ± 2
P90 37 ± 9 56 ± 21 62 ± 11 69 ± 12 100 ± 15 67 ± 6
Petrol mean 129 ± 19 179 ± 19 227 ± 21 251 ± 27 239 ± 28 205 ± 12
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 124 ± 38 164 ± 29 165 ± 33 161 ± 85 107 ± 30
P75 197 ± 27 289 ± 39 372 ± 29 405 ± 35 409 ± 32 333 ± 14
P90 384 ± 37 453 ± 45 609 ± 67 672 ± 77 659 ± 75 568 ± 38
Diesel mean 15 ± 7 20 ± 10 19 ± 11 32 ± 12 33 ± 12 24 ± 4
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P90 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
Food mean 26 ± 3 37 ± 3 43 ± 3 52 ± 3 61 ± 5 44 ± 2
P10 2 ± 2 6 ± 2 10 ± 2 13 ± 3 17 ± 4 7 ± 1
P25 9 ± 2 15 ± 2 19 ± 3 26 ± 3 32 ± 2 18 ± 1
median 19 ± 3 30 ± 3 38 ± 4 47 ± 4 53 ± 3 36 ± 2
P75 36 ± 4 51 ± 5 60 ± 5 70 ± 6 81 ± 3 61 ± 2
P90 56 ± 7 76 ± 7 82 ± 5 100 ± 11 108 ± 10 87 ± 4
Fuel mean 297 ± 23 369 ± 25 428 ± 26 470 ± 29 489 ± 35 411 ± 14
P10 60 ± 15 88 ± 12 99 ± 18 90 ± 22 93 ± 33 82 ± 7
P25 115 ± 15 162 ± 17 177 ± 19 200 ± 26 198 ± 20 162 ± 6
median 202 ± 13 309 ± 23 364 ± 24 398 ± 28 434 ± 43 330 ± 16
P75 390 ± 29 487 ± 39 597 ± 41 649 ± 45 697 ± 55 570 ± 19
P90 633 ± 75 742 ± 59 857 ± 45 963 ± 82 966 ± 85 857 ± 26
Fuel and food mean 323 ± 23 406 ± 26 472 ± 27 522 ± 30 550 ± 37 455 ± 14
P10 76 ± 11 113 ± 16 122 ± 22 114 ± 39 132 ± 28 103 ± 7
P25 132 ± 14 191 ± 18 217 ± 18 236 ± 26 253 ± 27 192 ± 9
median 223 ± 13 341 ± 26 402 ± 17 437 ± 25 494 ± 39 370 ± 18
P75 424 ± 32 535 ± 31 645 ± 45 700 ± 56 774 ± 67 628 ± 28
P90 687 ± 72 779 ± 57 935 ± 52 1,037 ± 95 1,049 ± 79 913 ± 27
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 134.9
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile ($)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity mean 243 ± 14 265 ± 16 280 ± 17 287 ± 16 314 ± 19 278 ± 8
P10 0 ± 30 0 ± 18 0 ± 19 0 ± 39 0 ± 14 0 ± 3
P25 131 ± 11 145 ± 14 154 ± 16 149 ± 20 171 ± 26 149 ± 9
median 222 ± 13 250 ± 18 260 ± 21 260 ± 16 285 ± 24 256 ± 6
P75 328 ± 21 359 ± 23 389 ± 23 410 ± 27 427 ± 19 376 ± 11
P90 446 ± 40 483 ± 51 513 ± 32 554 ± 45 598 ± 53 513 ± 11
Gas mean 18 ± 4 23 ± 5 26 ± 5 28 ± 5 52 ± 9 29 ± 3
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 4 0 ± 0
P75 5 ± 4 8 ± 4 13 ± 4 21 ± 7 59 ± 29 16 ± 3
P90 63 ± 15 94 ± 35 105 ± 18 117 ± 20 170 ± 24 113 ± 9
Petrol mean 217 ± 32 303 ± 31 384 ± 35 424 ± 45 404 ± 47 346 ± 20
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 210 ± 64 277 ± 49 279 ± 55 272 ± 143 180 ± 51
P75 333 ± 45 489 ± 65 629 ± 49 685 ± 59 691 ± 54 562 ± 23
P90 649 ± 62 765 ± 76 1,028 ± 112 1,135 ± 130 1,114 ± 127 960 ± 64
Diesel mean 25 ± 12 33 ± 16 33 ± 18 55 ± 20 56 ± 20 40 ± 7
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P90 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
Food mean 44 ± 4 62 ± 5 74 ± 6 88 ± 6 104 ± 8 74 ± 3
P10 3 ± 2 11 ± 2 17 ± 3 22 ± 4 28 ± 7 12 ± 2
P25 15 ± 3 25 ± 3 33 ± 5 44 ± 5 54 ± 4 31 ± 2
median 33 ± 4 51 ± 5 64 ± 6 79 ± 6 89 ± 5 62 ± 3
P75 61 ± 7 86 ± 8 102 ± 8 118 ± 9 137 ± 5 103 ± 3
P90 95 ± 11 129 ± 11 139 ± 8 169 ± 19 183 ± 16 147 ± 6
Fuel mean 502 ± 38 624 ± 42 723 ± 44 794 ± 48 826 ± 60 694 ± 23
P10 101 ± 25 149 ± 21 167 ± 30 152 ± 37 158 ± 55 138 ± 12
P25 195 ± 25 274 ± 28 299 ± 31 337 ± 44 335 ± 34 273 ± 9
median 342 ± 22 522 ± 38 615 ± 40 672 ± 48 734 ± 72 557 ± 27
P75 660 ± 49 823 ± 66 1,008 ± 69 1,096 ± 76 1,178 ± 93 963 ± 32
P90 1,069 ± 127 1,254 ± 99 1,448 ± 76 1,627 ± 138 1,632 ± 143 1,448 ± 43
Fuel and food mean 546 ± 39 686 ± 43 797 ± 45 882 ± 50 929 ± 61 768 ± 24
P10 129 ± 18 190 ± 27 206 ± 36 192 ± 65 223 ± 48 173 ± 12
P25 224 ± 23 324 ± 30 367 ± 31 398 ± 43 428 ± 45 325 ± 15
median 378 ± 21 576 ± 44 679 ± 28 739 ± 42 834 ± 65 625 ± 30
P75 716 ± 54 903 ± 53 1,090 ± 75 1,183 ± 95 1,308 ± 114 1,062 ± 47
P90 1,161 ± 121 1,316 ± 96 1,579 ± 87 1,752 ± 160 1,772 ± 132 1,542 ± 46
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 179.8
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile ($)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity mean 342 ± 19 373 ± 22 395 ± 23 404 ± 22 443 ± 27 391 ± 11
P10 0 ± 42 0 ± 25 0 ± 26 0 ± 55 0 ± 20 0 ± 4
P25 185 ± 16 205 ± 19 217 ± 22 209 ± 28 241 ± 36 209 ± 12
median 313 ± 19 352 ± 25 366 ± 29 366 ± 23 402 ± 33 361 ± 8
P75 462 ± 29 505 ± 32 548 ± 32 577 ± 38 602 ± 26 529 ± 16
P90 627 ± 56 680 ± 72 722 ± 44 780 ± 62 842 ± 74 722 ± 15
Gas mean 25 ± 5 33 ± 7 36 ± 7 40 ± 7 73 ± 13 41 ± 4
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 5 0 ± 0
P75 7 ± 5 11 ± 6 19 ± 6 29 ± 9 83 ± 41 22 ± 4
P90 88 ± 21 133 ± 49 147 ± 25 164 ± 28 239 ± 34 160 ± 13
Petrol mean 306 ± 44 426 ± 44 541 ± 49 597 ± 63 569 ± 66 488 ± 27
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 295 ± 90 389 ± 68 393 ± 78 383 ± 201 254 ± 71
P75 469 ± 64 688 ± 91 885 ± 69 965 ± 83 973 ± 76 792 ± 32
P90 914 ± 87 1,078 ± 106 1,448 ± 158 1,599 ± 183 1,569 ± 178 1,352 ± 89
Diesel mean 35 ± 17 47 ± 22 46 ± 26 77 ± 28 79 ± 28 57 ± 10
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P90 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
Food mean 61 ± 5 87 ± 7 103 ± 8 124 ± 8 146 ± 11 104 ± 3
P10 5 ± 3 15 ± 3 24 ± 4 31 ± 5 40 ± 9 17 ± 2
P25 21 ± 3 35 ± 5 46 ± 7 62 ± 7 75 ± 5 43 ± 3
median 46 ± 5 72 ± 7 90 ± 8 112 ± 9 126 ± 6 87 ± 3
P75 86 ± 9 121 ± 12 143 ± 11 167 ± 13 192 ± 7 145 ± 4
P90 134 ± 16 182 ± 16 195 ± 11 238 ± 27 258 ± 22 208 ± 8
Fuel mean 708 ± 53 879 ± 59 1,019 ± 62 1,118 ± 68 1,163 ± 84 977 ± 32
P10 143 ± 35 209 ± 29 236 ± 42 214 ± 53 222 ± 77 194 ± 17
P25 274 ± 35 387 ± 40 421 ± 44 475 ± 62 472 ± 47 385 ± 13
median 481 ± 30 735 ± 53 866 ± 56 947 ± 67 1,033 ± 101 784 ± 38
P75 929 ± 68 1,159 ± 92 1,420 ± 97 1,544 ± 107 1,659 ± 130 1,356 ± 45
P90 1,506 ± 179 1,767 ± 139 2,039 ± 107 2,292 ± 194 2,298 ± 201 2,039 ± 61
Fuel and food mean 769 ± 55 966 ± 61 1,122 ± 64 1,241 ± 71 1,309 ± 86 1,081 ± 33
P10 181 ± 25 268 ± 38 290 ± 51 271 ± 92 314 ± 67 244 ± 16
P25 315 ± 33 456 ± 42 516 ± 43 561 ± 60 603 ± 63 457 ± 20
median 532 ± 30 811 ± 62 956 ± 39 1,040 ± 59 1,175 ± 91 881 ± 41
P75 1,009 ± 75 1,272 ± 74 1,535 ± 106 1,666 ± 133 1,842 ± 160 1,495 ± 65
P90 1,635 ± 170 1,853 ± 136 2,224 ± 122 2,466 ± 225 2,495 ± 186 2,172 ± 64
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 224.8
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile ($)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity mean 441 ± 24 482 ± 28 509 ± 30 522 ± 28 571 ± 35 505 ± 14
P10 0 ± 54 0 ± 32 0 ± 33 0 ± 71 0 ± 25 0 ± 5
P25 238 ± 20 264 ± 24 279 ± 28 270 ± 36 310 ± 46 270 ± 15
median 404 ± 24 454 ± 32 472 ± 37 472 ± 29 518 ± 43 466 ± 10
P75 596 ± 37 652 ± 42 707 ± 41 745 ± 49 776 ± 34 683 ± 20
P90 809 ± 73 878 ± 93 931 ± 57 1,006 ± 80 1,086 ± 96 931 ± 19
Gas mean 32 ± 6 43 ± 9 47 ± 9 51 ± 9 94 ± 17 53 ± 5
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 7 0 ± 0
P75 10 ± 6 15 ± 8 24 ± 7 38 ± 12 108 ± 53 29 ± 5
P90 114 ± 27 171 ± 63 190 ± 33 212 ± 36 308 ± 44 206 ± 17
Petrol mean 395 ± 57 550 ± 57 698 ± 63 770 ± 81 733 ± 85 629 ± 35
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 381 ± 116 502 ± 88 507 ± 100 493 ± 259 328 ± 92
P75 605 ± 82 888 ± 117 1,142 ± 88 1,244 ± 107 1,255 ± 98 1,021 ± 41
P90 1,178 ± 112 1,390 ± 137 1,867 ± 204 2,062 ± 236 2,024 ± 230 1,744 ± 115
Diesel mean 45 ± 21 60 ± 29 60 ± 33 99 ± 36 102 ± 36 73 ± 13
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P90 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
Food mean 79 ± 7 113 ± 8 133 ± 10 160 ± 10 188 ± 14 135 ± 4
P10 6 ± 4 20 ± 4 31 ± 6 40 ± 7 52 ± 11 22 ± 3
P25 27 ± 4 46 ± 6 60 ± 9 80 ± 9 97 ± 6 56 ± 3
median 60 ± 7 93 ± 8 116 ± 10 144 ± 11 162 ± 8 112 ± 4
P75 112 ± 12 156 ± 15 185 ± 15 215 ± 16 248 ± 10 187 ± 5
P90 173 ± 20 235 ± 20 252 ± 14 307 ± 34 332 ± 28 268 ± 10
Fuel mean 913 ± 68 1,134 ± 75 1,314 ± 80 1,441 ± 87 1,500 ± 108 1,260 ± 42
P10 184 ± 46 270 ± 37 304 ± 54 276 ± 68 286 ± 100 250 ± 21
P25 354 ± 45 499 ± 51 543 ± 56 612 ± 80 608 ± 61 497 ± 17
median 621 ± 39 949 ± 68 1,117 ± 72 1,221 ± 86 1,333 ± 131 1,011 ± 49
P75 1,198 ± 88 1,495 ± 119 1,832 ± 125 1,991 ± 138 2,139 ± 168 1,750 ± 58
P90 1,943 ± 230 2,279 ± 179 2,631 ± 138 2,956 ± 251 2,964 ± 259 2,631 ± 78
Fuel and food mean 992 ± 71 1,246 ± 79 1,447 ± 82 1,601 ± 91 1,688 ± 111 1,395 ± 42
P10 233 ± 33 346 ± 49 374 ± 66 349 ± 118 405 ± 86 315 ± 21
P25 407 ± 42 588 ± 53 666 ± 56 723 ± 78 778 ± 81 590 ± 26
median 686 ± 38 1,046 ± 79 1,233 ± 50 1,342 ± 76 1,515 ± 118 1,136 ± 53
P75 1,301 ± 97 1,641 ± 95 1,980 ± 136 2,150 ± 172 2,376 ± 206 1,928 ± 84
P90 2,109 ± 220 2,390 ± 175 2,868 ± 157 3,181 ± 290 3,218 ± 240 2,801 ± 82
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

By Ethnicity

Carbon price: $ 45
Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure by Ethnicity ($)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity mean 55 ± 4 53 ± 5 50 ± 2 51 ± 2
P10 0 ± 5 0 ± 3 0 ± 1 0 ± 1
P25 31 ± 5 27 ± 7 26 ± 2 27 ± 2
median 52 ± 4 50 ± 6 45 ± 2 47 ± 2
P75 75 ± 6 68 ± 7 68 ± 3 69 ± 2
P90 102 ± 9 109 ± 20 94 ± 2 94 ± 2
Gas mean 5 ± 1 3 ± 2 6 ± 1 5 ± 1
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 2 ± 1 1 ± 1 3 ± 1 3 ± 1
P90 15 ± 6 6 ± 8 22 ± 2 21 ± 2
Petrol mean 70 ± 7 60 ± 10 62 ± 4 64 ± 4
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 51 ± 15 39 ± 20 26 ± 11 33 ± 10
P75 115 ± 14 92 ± 22 103 ± 4 103 ± 5
P90 180 ± 23 161 ± 22 176 ± 13 176 ± 12
Diesel mean 10 ± 4 4 ± 4 7 ± 2 7 ± 2
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P90 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
Food mean 14 ± 1 14 ± 2 14 ± 1 14 ± 1
P10 2 ± 1 1 ± 2 3 ± 1 2 ± 1
P25 5 ± 1 5 ± 2 6 ± 1 6 ± 1
median 12 ± 2 12 ± 3 11 ± 1 11 ± 1
P75 20 ± 2 21 ± 3 19 ± 1 19 ± 1
P90 29 ± 2 29 ± 3 27 ± 1 27 ± 1
Fuel mean 140 ± 10 121 ± 13 125 ± 5 127 ± 5
P10 28 ± 9 23 ± 12 25 ± 3 25 ± 3
P25 56 ± 8 51 ± 8 49 ± 3 50 ± 2
median 114 ± 12 103 ± 17 98 ± 6 102 ± 5
P75 187 ± 11 156 ± 24 174 ± 8 177 ± 6
P90 294 ± 32 261 ± 46 264 ± 10 266 ± 8
Fuel and food mean 154 ± 11 135 ± 13 138 ± 5 141 ± 5
P10 37 ± 9 33 ± 7 32 ± 2 32 ± 3
P25 67 ± 7 63 ± 9 58 ± 3 60 ± 3
median 127 ± 11 119 ± 15 111 ± 6 115 ± 6
P75 209 ± 13 178 ± 24 189 ± 8 195 ± 9
P90 309 ± 24 276 ± 38 281 ± 9 283 ± 9
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 89.9
Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure by Ethnicity ($)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity mean 178 ± 10 170 ± 16 160 ± 5 165 ± 5
P10 0 ± 14 0 ± 9 0 ± 1 0 ± 2
P25 101 ± 16 87 ± 21 85 ± 5 88 ± 5
median 168 ± 12 162 ± 20 145 ± 7 152 ± 4
P75 243 ± 17 220 ± 23 220 ± 7 223 ± 7
P90 330 ± 28 352 ± 64 303 ± 6 303 ± 7
Gas mean 15 ± 3 11 ± 5 18 ± 2 17 ± 2
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 6 ± 3 3 ± 3 10 ± 2 9 ± 2
P90 48 ± 17 19 ± 24 70 ± 6 67 ± 6
Petrol mean 224 ± 22 194 ± 31 201 ± 12 205 ± 12
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 165 ± 48 124 ± 62 83 ± 34 107 ± 30
P75 372 ± 44 295 ± 68 331 ± 13 333 ± 14
P90 579 ± 72 519 ± 71 568 ± 42 568 ± 38
Diesel mean 33 ± 13 14 ± 13 23 ± 5 24 ± 4
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P90 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
Food mean 44 ± 3 46 ± 5 44 ± 2 44 ± 2
P10 6 ± 2 3 ± 4 8 ± 1 7 ± 1
P25 17 ± 3 16 ± 6 18 ± 2 18 ± 1
median 37 ± 4 40 ± 7 36 ± 2 36 ± 2
P75 65 ± 6 68 ± 10 60 ± 2 61 ± 2
P90 94 ± 7 92 ± 9 86 ± 3 87 ± 4
Fuel mean 450 ± 33 390 ± 41 402 ± 14 411 ± 14
P10 91 ± 29 73 ± 36 81 ± 8 82 ± 7
P25 182 ± 26 165 ± 25 159 ± 8 162 ± 6
median 368 ± 38 332 ± 53 316 ± 18 330 ± 16
P75 603 ± 34 503 ± 75 559 ± 24 570 ± 19
P90 946 ± 101 840 ± 146 852 ± 30 857 ± 26
Fuel and food mean 495 ± 34 435 ± 42 445 ± 14 455 ± 14
P10 118 ± 27 106 ± 22 101 ± 6 103 ± 7
P25 217 ± 21 202 ± 28 187 ± 9 192 ± 9
median 408 ± 33 382 ± 46 359 ± 18 370 ± 18
P75 673 ± 40 573 ± 77 609 ± 26 628 ± 28
P90 995 ± 76 890 ± 121 904 ± 26 913 ± 27
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 134.9
Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure by Ethnicity ($)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity mean 301 ± 17 288 ± 26 270 ± 9 278 ± 8
P10 0 ± 23 0 ± 14 0 ± 1 0 ± 3
P25 171 ± 27 147 ± 35 144 ± 9 149 ± 9
median 283 ± 21 273 ± 33 245 ± 11 256 ± 6
P75 410 ± 28 371 ± 38 373 ± 12 376 ± 11
P90 557 ± 47 594 ± 108 512 ± 9 513 ± 11
Gas mean 25 ± 5 18 ± 8 31 ± 4 29 ± 3
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 10 ± 5 5 ± 5 18 ± 3 16 ± 3
P90 80 ± 28 32 ± 40 119 ± 10 113 ± 9
Petrol mean 379 ± 38 328 ± 51 339 ± 21 346 ± 20
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 279 ± 82 210 ± 105 140 ± 58 180 ± 51
P75 629 ± 74 499 ± 115 559 ± 22 562 ± 23
P90 978 ± 121 878 ± 119 960 ± 71 960 ± 64
Diesel mean 56 ± 21 24 ± 21 38 ± 8 40 ± 7
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P90 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
Food mean 75 ± 5 77 ± 8 74 ± 3 74 ± 3
P10 10 ± 2 6 ± 7 14 ± 2 12 ± 2
P25 28 ± 5 27 ± 11 31 ± 2 31 ± 2
median 63 ± 7 67 ± 12 61 ± 3 62 ± 3
P75 110 ± 9 115 ± 16 101 ± 3 103 ± 3
P90 158 ± 11 156 ± 15 145 ± 5 147 ± 6
Fuel mean 761 ± 55 658 ± 68 679 ± 23 694 ± 23
P10 154 ± 48 124 ± 61 137 ± 13 138 ± 12
P25 307 ± 44 279 ± 41 268 ± 12 273 ± 9
median 622 ± 64 561 ± 89 534 ± 31 557 ± 27
P75 1,018 ± 57 850 ± 126 945 ± 40 963 ± 32
P90 1,599 ± 171 1,420 ± 247 1,439 ± 50 1,448 ± 43
Fuel and food mean 836 ± 57 736 ± 71 752 ± 24 768 ± 24
P10 200 ± 45 178 ± 37 171 ± 11 173 ± 12
P25 367 ± 35 342 ± 47 316 ± 14 325 ± 15
median 689 ± 55 645 ± 78 606 ± 31 625 ± 30
P75 1,137 ± 67 969 ± 129 1,029 ± 43 1,062 ± 47
P90 1,681 ± 128 1,504 ± 205 1,527 ± 44 1,542 ± 46
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 179.8
Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure by Ethnicity ($)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity mean 424 ± 24 405 ± 37 381 ± 12 391 ± 11
P10 0 ± 32 0 ± 20 0 ± 1 0 ± 4
P25 241 ± 38 207 ± 50 202 ± 12 209 ± 12
median 399 ± 29 385 ± 46 345 ± 15 361 ± 8
P75 578 ± 39 523 ± 54 525 ± 17 529 ± 16
P90 784 ± 66 836 ± 152 720 ± 13 722 ± 15
Gas mean 35 ± 7 26 ± 11 44 ± 5 41 ± 4
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 15 ± 7 7 ± 7 25 ± 3 22 ± 4
P90 113 ± 40 46 ± 56 167 ± 14 160 ± 13
Petrol mean 533 ± 53 462 ± 72 477 ± 29 488 ± 27
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 393 ± 115 296 ± 148 197 ± 81 254 ± 71
P75 885 ± 104 703 ± 162 787 ± 31 792 ± 32
P90 1,377 ± 171 1,236 ± 168 1,352 ± 99 1,352 ± 89
Diesel mean 79 ± 29 33 ± 30 54 ± 11 57 ± 10
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P90 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
Food mean 105 ± 7 108 ± 12 104 ± 4 104 ± 3
P10 14 ± 3 8 ± 9 19 ± 3 17 ± 2
P25 40 ± 6 39 ± 15 44 ± 3 43 ± 3
median 88 ± 9 94 ± 16 86 ± 4 87 ± 3
P75 154 ± 13 161 ± 22 142 ± 4 145 ± 4
P90 223 ± 15 219 ± 21 204 ± 8 208 ± 8
Fuel mean 1,071 ± 77 927 ± 96 955 ± 33 977 ± 32
P10 217 ± 68 175 ± 85 193 ± 17 194 ± 17
P25 432 ± 61 393 ± 58 377 ± 17 385 ± 13
median 876 ± 89 790 ± 126 752 ± 43 784 ± 38
P75 1,434 ± 80 1,196 ± 178 1,331 ± 57 1,356 ± 45
P90 2,251 ± 241 1,999 ± 348 2,026 ± 70 2,039 ± 61
Fuel and food mean 1,177 ± 79 1,036 ± 99 1,059 ± 34 1,081 ± 33
P10 281 ± 63 251 ± 53 241 ± 15 244 ± 16
P25 516 ± 49 481 ± 65 446 ± 20 457 ± 20
median 970 ± 78 909 ± 110 853 ± 43 881 ± 41
P75 1,600 ± 95 1,364 ± 181 1,449 ± 60 1,495 ± 65
P90 2,368 ± 180 2,117 ± 288 2,151 ± 62 2,172 ± 64
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 224.8
Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure by Ethnicity ($)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity mean 547 ± 30 523 ± 47 491 ± 15 505 ± 14
P10 0 ± 41 0 ± 26 0 ± 1 0 ± 5
P25 310 ± 48 267 ± 64 261 ± 15 270 ± 15
median 515 ± 37 497 ± 59 445 ± 20 466 ± 10
P75 745 ± 50 674 ± 69 677 ± 21 683 ± 20
P90 1,011 ± 85 1,079 ± 196 929 ± 16 931 ± 19
Gas mean 45 ± 9 34 ± 14 56 ± 6 53 ± 5
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 19 ± 8 10 ± 9 32 ± 4 29 ± 5
P90 146 ± 51 59 ± 72 216 ± 18 206 ± 17
Petrol mean 688 ± 68 597 ± 93 616 ± 37 629 ± 35
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 507 ± 148 381 ± 190 254 ± 105 328 ± 92
P75 1,142 ± 134 907 ± 209 1,015 ± 40 1,021 ± 41
P90 1,776 ± 220 1,594 ± 216 1,744 ± 128 1,744 ± 115
Diesel mean 102 ± 38 43 ± 38 69 ± 14 73 ± 13
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P90 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
Food mean 136 ± 9 140 ± 15 134 ± 5 135 ± 4
P10 17 ± 4 10 ± 12 25 ± 3 22 ± 3
P25 51 ± 8 50 ± 19 56 ± 4 56 ± 3
median 114 ± 12 122 ± 21 111 ± 6 112 ± 4
P75 199 ± 16 208 ± 29 184 ± 5 187 ± 5
P90 288 ± 19 283 ± 28 264 ± 10 268 ± 10
Fuel mean 1,382 ± 99 1,196 ± 123 1,232 ± 42 1,260 ± 42
P10 279 ± 87 225 ± 110 248 ± 22 250 ± 21
P25 557 ± 79 507 ± 74 486 ± 22 497 ± 17
median 1,129 ± 115 1,019 ± 162 970 ± 56 1,011 ± 49
P75 1,849 ± 103 1,543 ± 229 1,716 ± 73 1,750 ± 58
P90 2,904 ± 310 2,579 ± 449 2,613 ± 90 2,631 ± 78
Fuel and food mean 1,518 ± 102 1,336 ± 128 1,366 ± 43 1,395 ± 42
P10 363 ± 81 324 ± 68 311 ± 19 315 ± 21
P25 666 ± 63 621 ± 84 575 ± 25 590 ± 26
median 1,251 ± 100 1,172 ± 142 1,100 ± 55 1,136 ± 53
P75 2,064 ± 122 1,760 ± 234 1,869 ± 77 1,928 ± 84
P90 3,054 ± 232 2,731 ± 372 2,774 ± 80 2,801 ± 82
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

Summary statistics based on populations with non-zero expenditure

By HEDI

Carbon price: $ 45
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile ($)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity mean 50 ± 3 55 ± 3 58 ± 3 60 ± 3 66 ± 4 58 ± 2
P10 21 ± 2 21 ± 3 25 ± 3 24 ± 3 27 ± 3 23 ± 2
P25 29 ± 3 31 ± 3 35 ± 4 36 ± 3 40 ± 3 34 ± 2
median 45 ± 3 50 ± 4 53 ± 4 53 ± 4 58 ± 4 51 ± 2
P75 63 ± 3 69 ± 5 75 ± 5 78 ± 4 82 ± 6 74 ± 3
P90 88 ± 9 94 ± 7 97 ± 9 107 ± 8 111 ± 11 97 ± 5
Gas mean 12 ± 2 13 ± 3 13 ± 2 14 ± 4 20 ± 3 14 ± 2
P10 1 ± 1 1 ± 1 1 ± 1 1 ± 1 1 ± 1 1 ± 1
P25 2 ± 1 2 ± 1 2 ± 1 2 ± 1 3 ± 1 2 ± 1
median 6 ± 3 4 ± 2 5 ± 3 6 ± 3 12 ± 5 6 ± 1
P75 15 ± 4 21 ± 3 20 ± 4 24 ± 7 27 ± 5 22 ± 2
P90 33 ± 8 35 ± 6 33 ± 7 38 ± 10 46 ± 9 37 ± 3
Petrol mean 94 ± 11 96 ± 8 122 ± 10 134 ± 11 135 ± 11 117 ± 5
P10 31 ± 9 35 ± 9 38 ± 12 45 ± 12 51 ± 8 38 ± 2
P25 50 ± 5 51 ± 2 62 ± 7 64 ± 9 77 ± 11 58 ± 6
median 68 ± 9 77 ± 9 103 ± 9 112 ± 9 122 ± 11 100 ± 6
P75 115 ± 10 121 ± 11 161 ± 15 176 ± 18 180 ± 20 152 ± 11
P90 165 ± 48 175 ± 35 231 ± 29 261 ± 35 240 ± 20 226 ± 11
Diesel mean 110 ± 29 139 ± 31 170 ± 36 160 ± 25 159 ± 31 147 ± 12
P10 S S S S S 65 ± 24
P25 75 ± 43 86 ± 31 134 ± 61 108 ± 28 110 ± 33 86 ± 13
median 94 ± 35 121 ± 53 173 ± 45 167 ± 55 134 ± 17 136 ± 18
P75 171 ± 77 188 ± 45 237 ± 51 196 ± 22 173 ± 46 193 ± 16
P90 S S S S S 237 ± 17
Food mean 9 ± 1 12 ± 1 14 ± 1 17 ± 1 19 ± 2 14 ± 1
P10 2 ± 1 2 ± 1 4 ± 1 5 ± 1 6 ± 2 3 ± 1
P25 4 ± 1 5 ± 1 7 ± 1 8 ± 1 10 ± 1 6 ± 1
median 7 ± 1 10 ± 1 12 ± 1 15 ± 1 17 ± 1 12 ± 1
P75 12 ± 2 16 ± 2 19 ± 2 22 ± 2 25 ± 1 19 ± 1
P90 19 ± 2 24 ± 2 26 ± 2 31 ± 4 34 ± 3 28 ± 2
Fuel mean 98 ± 8 119 ± 8 138 ± 8 153 ± 10 159 ± 11 133 ± 5
P10 25 ± 2 33 ± 5 36 ± 4 39 ± 4 39 ± 5 32 ± 3
P25 41 ± 4 56 ± 7 62 ± 8 70 ± 6 68 ± 9 55 ± 3
median 67 ± 6 99 ± 7 116 ± 6 128 ± 7 140 ± 13 107 ± 6
P75 127 ± 11 155 ± 13 187 ± 12 207 ± 16 217 ± 15 183 ± 8
P90 200 ± 27 232 ± 19 268 ± 15 303 ± 28 307 ± 28 269 ± 9
Fuel and food mean 101 ± 8 126 ± 8 147 ± 9 162 ± 10 171 ± 12 142 ± 5
P10 25 ± 3 35 ± 5 38 ± 7 36 ± 12 41 ± 9 32 ± 2
P25 42 ± 5 59 ± 6 67 ± 6 74 ± 8 79 ± 8 60 ± 3
median 70 ± 4 106 ± 9 125 ± 5 136 ± 8 153 ± 12 116 ± 6
P75 132 ± 10 166 ± 10 202 ± 15 217 ± 18 240 ± 21 196 ± 9
P90 214 ± 22 242 ± 18 290 ± 16 322 ± 30 326 ± 25 284 ± 9
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 89.9
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile ($)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity mean 162 ± 8 176 ± 9 188 ± 10 193 ± 9 213 ± 12 186 ± 4
P10 67 ± 6 69 ± 8 81 ± 8 78 ± 10 88 ± 8 74 ± 5
P25 95 ± 8 101 ± 7 111 ± 11 115 ± 8 127 ± 9 110 ± 5
median 146 ± 9 162 ± 11 172 ± 11 171 ± 11 187 ± 10 164 ± 6
P75 202 ± 8 224 ± 13 243 ± 16 253 ± 12 263 ± 17 239 ± 8
P90 283 ± 27 303 ± 22 312 ± 26 343 ± 26 358 ± 35 314 ± 14
Gas mean 37 ± 6 43 ± 7 42 ± 7 45 ± 11 63 ± 10 46 ± 4
P10 3 ± 1 3 ± 1 3 ± 1 4 ± 1 4 ± 1 4 ± 1
P25 6 ± 3 6 ± 3 5 ± 2 7 ± 1 8 ± 3 6 ± 1
median 19 ± 7 13 ± 6 15 ± 7 21 ± 9 37 ± 15 19 ± 3
P75 48 ± 13 67 ± 9 64 ± 10 77 ± 21 88 ± 14 69 ± 5
P90 106 ± 24 113 ± 19 107 ± 23 122 ± 31 149 ± 27 120 ± 9
Petrol mean 304 ± 36 308 ± 25 393 ± 30 432 ± 34 435 ± 35 378 ± 15
P10 99 ± 29 114 ± 29 124 ± 38 145 ± 36 165 ± 23 124 ± 6
P25 161 ± 16 165 ± 4 201 ± 22 207 ± 27 248 ± 35 186 ± 17
median 218 ± 29 248 ± 29 331 ± 29 361 ± 29 394 ± 35 322 ± 18
P75 372 ± 32 391 ± 33 519 ± 47 566 ± 57 580 ± 63 491 ± 33
P90 533 ± 154 564 ± 112 743 ± 94 841 ± 111 774 ± 64 730 ± 35
Diesel mean 353 ± 93 446 ± 97 547 ± 116 514 ± 78 512 ± 99 473 ± 38
P10 S S S S S 209 ± 77
P25 242 ± 137 278 ± 98 432 ± 194 348 ± 91 354 ± 104 278 ± 42
median 302 ± 113 390 ± 170 556 ± 143 539 ± 177 432 ± 55 438 ± 58
P75 552 ± 246 604 ± 145 765 ± 164 633 ± 69 556 ± 148 623 ± 49
P90 S S S S S 765 ± 55
Food mean 28 ± 3 38 ± 3 45 ± 3 53 ± 4 62 ± 5 45 ± 2
P10 6 ± 2 8 ± 2 12 ± 2 15 ± 3 20 ± 4 10 ± 1
P25 11 ± 2 16 ± 2 21 ± 3 27 ± 3 32 ± 2 20 ± 2
median 22 ± 2 31 ± 3 38 ± 4 47 ± 4 53 ± 3 38 ± 2
P75 38 ± 4 52 ± 6 61 ± 5 71 ± 6 81 ± 3 62 ± 2
P90 60 ± 6 77 ± 7 82 ± 6 101 ± 12 109 ± 10 89 ± 4
Fuel mean 316 ± 23 383 ± 26 443 ± 26 493 ± 31 511 ± 35 429 ± 14
P10 81 ± 5 106 ± 16 116 ± 11 126 ± 12 124 ± 16 103 ± 7
P25 131 ± 10 181 ± 21 200 ± 25 225 ± 20 220 ± 27 178 ± 9
median 216 ± 17 320 ± 23 372 ± 17 413 ± 20 453 ± 40 345 ± 17
P75 408 ± 34 500 ± 40 601 ± 38 667 ± 51 700 ± 46 588 ± 25
P90 645 ± 87 749 ± 60 863 ± 47 977 ± 90 988 ± 90 867 ± 28
Fuel and food mean 326 ± 23 407 ± 26 473 ± 27 523 ± 30 551 ± 37 456 ± 14
P10 79 ± 9 113 ± 16 123 ± 22 116 ± 39 132 ± 27 104 ± 7
P25 136 ± 14 191 ± 17 217 ± 18 239 ± 25 254 ± 26 194 ± 9
median 225 ± 13 343 ± 26 402 ± 16 437 ± 25 494 ± 38 374 ± 19
P75 425 ± 31 535 ± 32 651 ± 46 700 ± 57 774 ± 67 630 ± 28
P90 690 ± 71 779 ± 57 935 ± 50 1,037 ± 95 1,049 ± 79 914 ± 28
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 134.9
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile ($)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity mean 273 ± 13 298 ± 15 318 ± 16 326 ± 14 359 ± 20 315 ± 7
P10 113 ± 11 116 ± 13 137 ± 13 132 ± 16 148 ± 13 125 ± 8
P25 160 ± 13 171 ± 11 188 ± 18 194 ± 13 215 ± 14 186 ± 8
median 246 ± 14 273 ± 18 291 ± 18 289 ± 19 316 ± 17 277 ± 10
P75 342 ± 12 378 ± 22 410 ± 27 427 ± 19 444 ± 28 404 ± 13
P90 478 ± 45 513 ± 37 526 ± 44 580 ± 43 605 ± 58 530 ± 23
Gas mean 63 ± 9 72 ± 12 70 ± 11 76 ± 18 107 ± 17 78 ± 6
P10 5 ± 1 5 ± 1 5 ± 1 6 ± 1 6 ± 1 6 ± 1
P25 10 ± 4 10 ± 5 9 ± 3 12 ± 2 14 ± 5 10 ± 2
median 31 ± 12 22 ± 9 26 ± 12 35 ± 15 63 ± 26 32 ± 5
P75 80 ± 22 113 ± 15 109 ± 17 129 ± 35 149 ± 24 117 ± 8
P90 178 ± 41 191 ± 32 181 ± 38 206 ± 53 251 ± 46 202 ± 16
Petrol mean 514 ± 60 521 ± 41 664 ± 50 730 ± 57 736 ± 59 638 ± 26
P10 168 ± 49 192 ± 49 210 ± 65 244 ± 61 279 ± 39 210 ± 9
P25 272 ± 26 279 ± 6 339 ± 37 349 ± 46 419 ± 58 314 ± 29
median 368 ± 48 419 ± 48 559 ± 49 610 ± 48 666 ± 59 545 ± 30
P75 629 ± 53 660 ± 55 878 ± 80 956 ± 96 981 ± 107 830 ± 55
P90 900 ± 259 953 ± 189 1,256 ± 158 1,421 ± 187 1,308 ± 107 1,233 ± 59
Diesel mean 597 ± 157 754 ± 164 924 ± 196 869 ± 132 864 ± 167 800 ± 65
P10 S S S S S 352 ± 129
P25 410 ± 232 470 ± 165 730 ± 327 587 ± 153 597 ± 175 470 ± 71
median 511 ± 190 660 ± 286 940 ± 241 911 ± 299 730 ± 93 740 ± 97
P75 933 ± 415 1,021 ± 245 1,292 ± 277 1,069 ± 117 940 ± 250 1,053 ± 82
P90 S S S S S 1,292 ± 92
Food mean 47 ± 4 64 ± 5 75 ± 6 90 ± 6 105 ± 8 77 ± 3
P10 10 ± 2 13 ± 3 20 ± 3 26 ± 5 33 ± 7 16 ± 2
P25 19 ± 2 28 ± 3 36 ± 4 45 ± 5 55 ± 4 33 ± 2
median 37 ± 3 53 ± 5 65 ± 6 80 ± 6 90 ± 5 64 ± 2
P75 65 ± 7 89 ± 10 103 ± 8 121 ± 9 137 ± 5 105 ± 4
P90 101 ± 10 130 ± 11 139 ± 9 171 ± 20 183 ± 16 150 ± 6
Fuel mean 533 ± 39 648 ± 43 749 ± 43 834 ± 51 863 ± 59 726 ± 23
P10 137 ± 7 180 ± 27 197 ± 19 213 ± 19 210 ± 27 174 ± 12
P25 222 ± 17 306 ± 36 337 ± 42 380 ± 33 371 ± 45 301 ± 15
median 365 ± 29 541 ± 38 629 ± 29 697 ± 34 765 ± 67 583 ± 28
P75 689 ± 57 845 ± 68 1,016 ± 63 1,127 ± 86 1,183 ± 78 994 ± 42
P90 1,091 ± 147 1,265 ± 101 1,458 ± 80 1,650 ± 152 1,669 ± 152 1,465 ± 46
Fuel and food mean 551 ± 39 687 ± 43 799 ± 46 883 ± 50 931 ± 62 771 ± 23
P10 134 ± 15 191 ± 27 207 ± 37 196 ± 66 223 ± 46 176 ± 11
P25 229 ± 23 324 ± 29 367 ± 31 404 ± 42 429 ± 43 327 ± 15
median 381 ± 21 579 ± 44 679 ± 27 739 ± 42 835 ± 64 631 ± 31
P75 717 ± 53 903 ± 53 1,100 ± 78 1,183 ± 96 1,308 ± 113 1,064 ± 47
P90 1,165 ± 120 1,316 ± 97 1,579 ± 83 1,752 ± 160 1,772 ± 133 1,544 ± 46
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 179.8
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile ($)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity mean 385 ± 18 419 ± 21 447 ± 22 459 ± 20 506 ± 27 443 ± 10
P10 159 ± 15 163 ± 18 193 ± 18 185 ± 22 209 ± 17 176 ± 11
P25 225 ± 17 241 ± 16 265 ± 25 274 ± 18 303 ± 20 261 ± 11
median 347 ± 20 385 ± 26 409 ± 25 407 ± 26 445 ± 24 390 ± 14
P75 481 ± 17 532 ± 31 578 ± 37 602 ± 27 626 ± 40 569 ± 18
P90 674 ± 63 722 ± 52 741 ± 62 817 ± 61 852 ± 82 746 ± 33
Gas mean 89 ± 13 101 ± 17 99 ± 15 106 ± 25 150 ± 23 110 ± 9
P10 7 ± 1 7 ± 1 7 ± 2 8 ± 1 9 ± 1 8 ± 1
P25 15 ± 5 15 ± 6 12 ± 5 17 ± 3 20 ± 7 15 ± 3
median 44 ± 17 31 ± 12 37 ± 17 49 ± 20 88 ± 36 45 ± 7
P75 113 ± 31 160 ± 21 153 ± 24 182 ± 49 210 ± 33 165 ± 11
P90 251 ± 57 269 ± 45 254 ± 54 290 ± 74 354 ± 65 285 ± 22
Petrol mean 724 ± 84 733 ± 58 935 ± 71 1,028 ± 80 1,036 ± 83 899 ± 36
P10 236 ± 69 270 ± 69 295 ± 91 344 ± 85 393 ± 55 295 ± 12
P25 383 ± 37 393 ± 9 478 ± 53 492 ± 64 590 ± 82 443 ± 41
median 518 ± 67 590 ± 68 787 ± 69 859 ± 68 937 ± 83 767 ± 42
P75 885 ± 75 929 ± 78 1,236 ± 112 1,346 ± 134 1,381 ± 150 1,168 ± 78
P90 1,268 ± 365 1,342 ± 266 1,768 ± 222 2,001 ± 264 1,842 ± 151 1,736 ± 83
Diesel mean 841 ± 221 1,062 ± 231 1,301 ± 276 1,224 ± 185 1,217 ± 235 1,126 ± 91
P10 S S S S S 496 ± 182
P25 577 ± 326 662 ± 232 1,028 ± 461 827 ± 215 841 ± 246 662 ± 99
median 719 ± 267 929 ± 403 1,323 ± 339 1,283 ± 421 1,027 ± 130 1,042 ± 137
P75 1,314 ± 584 1,438 ± 344 1,819 ± 390 1,505 ± 164 1,323 ± 351 1,483 ± 116
P90 S S S S S 1,819 ± 129
Food mean 67 ± 5 90 ± 6 106 ± 8 127 ± 8 148 ± 11 108 ± 4
P10 14 ± 3 18 ± 4 28 ± 4 37 ± 7 47 ± 9 23 ± 2
P25 27 ± 3 39 ± 4 50 ± 6 64 ± 6 77 ± 5 47 ± 3
median 51 ± 4 75 ± 7 92 ± 8 113 ± 8 127 ± 7 90 ± 3
P75 91 ± 9 125 ± 13 145 ± 11 170 ± 13 193 ± 7 148 ± 5
P90 142 ± 13 183 ± 15 195 ± 13 240 ± 28 258 ± 23 211 ± 9
Fuel mean 751 ± 55 912 ± 61 1,054 ± 60 1,174 ± 72 1,215 ± 83 1,022 ± 33
P10 193 ± 10 253 ± 38 277 ± 26 300 ± 27 296 ± 37 246 ± 17
P25 313 ± 24 430 ± 50 475 ± 59 536 ± 46 523 ± 63 423 ± 20
median 514 ± 40 762 ± 54 886 ± 41 982 ± 48 1,077 ± 95 821 ± 40
P75 970 ± 80 1,190 ± 95 1,431 ± 89 1,587 ± 121 1,666 ± 109 1,400 ± 59
P90 1,536 ± 207 1,782 ± 143 2,053 ± 112 2,323 ± 214 2,350 ± 214 2,063 ± 65
Fuel and food mean 776 ± 55 968 ± 61 1,125 ± 64 1,244 ± 71 1,312 ± 87 1,085 ± 33
P10 189 ± 21 269 ± 38 292 ± 52 277 ± 92 314 ± 64 248 ± 15
P25 322 ± 33 456 ± 41 517 ± 43 569 ± 58 603 ± 61 461 ± 21
median 536 ± 30 815 ± 62 956 ± 37 1,040 ± 59 1,175 ± 91 889 ± 44
P75 1,010 ± 74 1,272 ± 75 1,550 ± 109 1,666 ± 134 1,843 ± 159 1,499 ± 65
P90 1,641 ± 169 1,853 ± 136 2,224 ± 117 2,466 ± 225 2,495 ± 187 2,174 ± 65
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 224.8
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile ($)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity mean 496 ± 23 541 ± 27 577 ± 29 592 ± 26 652 ± 35 571 ± 13
P10 205 ± 19 210 ± 24 248 ± 23 239 ± 29 269 ± 22 227 ± 14
P25 291 ± 22 310 ± 20 341 ± 32 353 ± 24 391 ± 25 337 ± 14
median 447 ± 26 497 ± 33 528 ± 32 525 ± 34 574 ± 31 503 ± 18
P75 621 ± 22 686 ± 40 745 ± 48 776 ± 35 807 ± 51 735 ± 23
P90 869 ± 82 931 ± 68 956 ± 80 1,054 ± 78 1,099 ± 106 962 ± 42
Gas mean 115 ± 17 131 ± 21 128 ± 19 137 ± 32 193 ± 30 142 ± 11
P10 10 ± 2 10 ± 2 10 ± 2 11 ± 1 11 ± 1 11 ± 1
P25 19 ± 7 19 ± 8 16 ± 6 22 ± 3 25 ± 9 19 ± 3
median 57 ± 21 40 ± 16 48 ± 22 63 ± 26 114 ± 46 59 ± 9
P75 146 ± 40 206 ± 27 198 ± 31 235 ± 62 271 ± 42 213 ± 14
P90 324 ± 73 347 ± 57 328 ± 69 374 ± 95 456 ± 83 367 ± 28
Petrol mean 934 ± 108 945 ± 75 1,206 ± 91 1,326 ± 103 1,336 ± 107 1,160 ± 46
P10 304 ± 89 349 ± 89 381 ± 117 444 ± 110 507 ± 71 381 ± 16
P25 494 ± 47 507 ± 11 616 ± 68 634 ± 83 761 ± 105 571 ± 52
median 669 ± 87 761 ± 88 1,015 ± 89 1,108 ± 87 1,209 ± 108 989 ± 54
P75 1,142 ± 96 1,199 ± 100 1,594 ± 145 1,736 ± 173 1,781 ± 193 1,507 ± 100
P90 1,635 ± 471 1,731 ± 344 2,280 ± 286 2,581 ± 340 2,377 ± 194 2,239 ± 107
Diesel mean 1,085 ± 284 1,370 ± 298 1,678 ± 356 1,579 ± 239 1,570 ± 303 1,453 ± 117
P10 S S S S S 640 ± 235
P25 744 ± 420 853 ± 299 1,326 ± 594 1,067 ± 277 1,085 ± 317 853 ± 128
median 927 ± 344 1,198 ± 520 1,707 ± 437 1,655 ± 543 1,325 ± 168 1,344 ± 176
P75 1,695 ± 753 1,855 ± 444 2,347 ± 503 1,941 ± 212 1,707 ± 453 1,913 ± 149
P90 S S S S S 2,347 ± 166
Food mean 86 ± 7 116 ± 8 137 ± 10 163 ± 10 191 ± 14 139 ± 4
P10 18 ± 4 24 ± 5 36 ± 5 47 ± 8 60 ± 11 30 ± 3
P25 35 ± 4 50 ± 5 65 ± 8 82 ± 8 100 ± 6 60 ± 4
median 66 ± 5 96 ± 9 118 ± 10 145 ± 10 164 ± 8 116 ± 4
P75 117 ± 11 161 ± 17 188 ± 15 219 ± 17 249 ± 9 190 ± 6
P90 183 ± 17 235 ± 19 252 ± 16 310 ± 36 333 ± 29 272 ± 11
Fuel mean 969 ± 71 1,177 ± 78 1,360 ± 77 1,514 ± 93 1,567 ± 107 1,318 ± 42
P10 248 ± 13 326 ± 49 357 ± 34 388 ± 35 382 ± 48 317 ± 21
P25 404 ± 31 555 ± 65 613 ± 76 691 ± 60 674 ± 81 546 ± 26
median 663 ± 52 983 ± 69 1,143 ± 52 1,266 ± 61 1,389 ± 122 1,059 ± 51
P75 1,251 ± 103 1,535 ± 123 1,845 ± 115 2,047 ± 155 2,148 ± 140 1,806 ± 76
P90 1,981 ± 267 2,298 ± 184 2,648 ± 144 2,997 ± 276 3,031 ± 276 2,661 ± 84
Fuel and food mean 1,001 ± 71 1,248 ± 78 1,451 ± 83 1,604 ± 91 1,692 ± 112 1,400 ± 42
P10 244 ± 27 347 ± 48 376 ± 67 357 ± 119 405 ± 83 320 ± 20
P25 416 ± 42 588 ± 52 667 ± 55 734 ± 75 778 ± 79 595 ± 27
median 691 ± 38 1,051 ± 80 1,233 ± 48 1,342 ± 76 1,516 ± 117 1,147 ± 56
P75 1,303 ± 95 1,641 ± 96 1,999 ± 141 2,150 ± 173 2,377 ± 205 1,933 ± 84
P90 2,117 ± 217 2,390 ± 175 2,868 ± 151 3,181 ± 291 3,218 ± 241 2,805 ± 84
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

By Ethnicity

Carbon price: $ 45
Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure by Ethnicity ($)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity mean 63 ± 3 61 ± 5 56 ± 2 58 ± 2
P10 26 ± 3 24 ± 5 22 ± 2 23 ± 2
P25 41 ± 3 36 ± 6 32 ± 2 34 ± 2
median 57 ± 4 56 ± 6 49 ± 2 51 ± 2
P75 78 ± 5 75 ± 9 72 ± 3 74 ± 3
P90 108 ± 9 114 ± 17 94 ± 3 97 ± 5
Gas mean 13 ± 3 12 ± 5 15 ± 2 14 ± 2
P10 1 ± 1 1 ± 1 1 ± 1 1 ± 1
P25 1 ± 1 1 ± 1 2 ± 1 2 ± 1
median 4 ± 2 3 ± 2 6 ± 2 6 ± 1
P75 18 ± 6 14 ± 12 22 ± 2 22 ± 2
P90 40 ± 10 33 ± 13 37 ± 4 37 ± 3
Petrol mean 115 ± 10 102 ± 13 119 ± 6 117 ± 5
P10 38 ± 6 38 ± 16 38 ± 3 38 ± 2
P25 51 ± 9 51 ± 3 61 ± 6 58 ± 6
median 100 ± 18 77 ± 13 100 ± 4 100 ± 6
P75 154 ± 19 134 ± 25 153 ± 10 152 ± 11
P90 222 ± 21 199 ± 28 231 ± 14 226 ± 11
Diesel mean 163 ± 30 S 142 ± 14 147 ± 12
P10 S S 75 ± 32 65 ± 24
P25 86 ± 35 S 88 ± 15 86 ± 13
median 171 ± 57 S 135 ± 17 136 ± 18
P75 237 ± 49 S 186 ± 20 193 ± 16
P90 S S 221 ± 21 237 ± 17
Food mean 15 ± 1 15 ± 2 14 ± 1 14 ± 1
P10 3 ± 1 3 ± 2 3 ± 1 3 ± 1
P25 6 ± 1 7 ± 2 6 ± 1 6 ± 1
median 13 ± 2 14 ± 2 12 ± 1 12 ± 1
P75 21 ± 2 22 ± 3 19 ± 1 19 ± 1
P90 29 ± 2 29 ± 3 27 ± 1 28 ± 2
Fuel mean 146 ± 10 128 ± 14 130 ± 5 133 ± 5
P10 40 ± 4 33 ± 7 31 ± 3 32 ± 3
P25 64 ± 6 56 ± 8 53 ± 3 55 ± 3
median 121 ± 10 110 ± 16 104 ± 7 107 ± 6
P75 189 ± 12 166 ± 26 178 ± 8 183 ± 8
P90 294 ± 29 269 ± 49 265 ± 7 269 ± 9
Fuel and food mean 154 ± 11 137 ± 14 139 ± 5 142 ± 5
P10 39 ± 8 35 ± 7 32 ± 2 32 ± 2
P25 68 ± 7 64 ± 7 58 ± 3 60 ± 3
median 127 ± 11 121 ± 15 111 ± 6 116 ± 6
P75 209 ± 12 178 ± 24 189 ± 8 196 ± 9
P90 312 ± 27 281 ± 39 281 ± 9 284 ± 9
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 89.9
Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure by Ethnicity ($)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity mean 202 ± 10 198 ± 15 181 ± 5 186 ± 4
P10 84 ± 9 76 ± 15 72 ± 4 74 ± 5
P25 131 ± 9 116 ± 17 103 ± 5 110 ± 5
median 185 ± 12 182 ± 17 159 ± 5 164 ± 6
P75 253 ± 14 243 ± 27 233 ± 8 239 ± 8
P90 347 ± 29 366 ± 54 303 ± 9 314 ± 14
Gas mean 41 ± 8 39 ± 14 47 ± 5 46 ± 4
P10 3 ± 1 3 ± 1 4 ± 1 4 ± 1
P25 5 ± 2 4 ± 1 7 ± 1 6 ± 1
median 14 ± 5 8 ± 5 21 ± 5 19 ± 3
P75 57 ± 17 45 ± 39 72 ± 7 69 ± 5
P90 128 ± 32 108 ± 41 118 ± 11 120 ± 9
Petrol mean 372 ± 30 328 ± 39 382 ± 18 378 ± 15
P10 124 ± 18 124 ± 49 124 ± 7 124 ± 6
P25 165 ± 27 165 ± 10 197 ± 19 186 ± 17
median 322 ± 58 248 ± 40 324 ± 13 322 ± 18
P75 496 ± 60 433 ± 80 492 ± 31 491 ± 33
P90 715 ± 68 643 ± 89 744 ± 44 730 ± 35
Diesel mean 525 ± 94 S 457 ± 45 473 ± 38
P10 S S 242 ± 102 209 ± 77
P25 278 ± 112 S 283 ± 47 278 ± 42
median 552 ± 182 S 435 ± 53 438 ± 58
P75 765 ± 156 S 599 ± 63 623 ± 49
P90 S S 713 ± 67 765 ± 55
Food mean 47 ± 3 50 ± 5 45 ± 2 45 ± 2
P10 9 ± 2 9 ± 5 10 ± 1 10 ± 1
P25 19 ± 3 23 ± 6 19 ± 2 20 ± 2
median 40 ± 5 45 ± 7 37 ± 2 38 ± 2
P75 66 ± 5 71 ± 10 61 ± 2 62 ± 2
P90 95 ± 6 94 ± 9 86 ± 4 89 ± 4
Fuel mean 472 ± 33 412 ± 44 419 ± 14 429 ± 14
P10 129 ± 12 106 ± 21 100 ± 8 103 ± 7
P25 205 ± 17 182 ± 24 171 ± 8 178 ± 9
median 390 ± 32 355 ± 49 336 ± 21 345 ± 17
P75 609 ± 36 535 ± 84 573 ± 25 588 ± 25
P90 947 ± 91 867 ± 157 854 ± 23 867 ± 28
Fuel and food mean 497 ± 34 441 ± 42 446 ± 14 456 ± 14
P10 124 ± 25 113 ± 20 102 ± 6 104 ± 7
P25 218 ± 20 205 ± 23 188 ± 8 194 ± 9
median 411 ± 33 391 ± 48 359 ± 18 374 ± 19
P75 673 ± 39 575 ± 76 611 ± 26 630 ± 28
P90 1,006 ± 86 905 ± 123 904 ± 26 914 ± 28
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 134.9
Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure by Ethnicity ($)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity mean 341 ± 17 334 ± 25 306 ± 8 315 ± 7
P10 143 ± 15 128 ± 25 121 ± 6 125 ± 8
P25 222 ± 15 197 ± 29 174 ± 8 186 ± 8
median 312 ± 20 308 ± 28 269 ± 9 277 ± 10
P75 427 ± 23 411 ± 46 393 ± 14 404 ± 13
P90 586 ± 48 619 ± 91 513 ± 15 530 ± 23
Gas mean 70 ± 13 67 ± 24 80 ± 7 78 ± 6
P10 5 ± 1 5 ± 1 6 ± 1 6 ± 1
P25 8 ± 2 7 ± 2 12 ± 2 10 ± 2
median 24 ± 8 14 ± 7 35 ± 8 32 ± 5
P75 97 ± 28 77 ± 66 122 ± 11 117 ± 8
P90 217 ± 53 182 ± 68 199 ± 18 202 ± 16
Petrol mean 629 ± 50 555 ± 66 646 ± 29 638 ± 26
P10 210 ± 30 210 ± 83 210 ± 12 210 ± 9
P25 279 ± 46 279 ± 16 333 ± 31 314 ± 29
median 545 ± 98 419 ± 67 547 ± 22 545 ± 30
P75 838 ± 102 731 ± 136 831 ± 52 830 ± 55
P90 1,208 ± 114 1,086 ± 150 1,256 ± 73 1,233 ± 59
Diesel mean 887 ± 159 S 772 ± 75 800 ± 65
P10 S S 410 ± 172 352 ± 129
P25 470 ± 189 S 479 ± 79 470 ± 71
median 933 ± 307 S 735 ± 90 740 ± 97
P75 1,292 ± 264 S 1,012 ± 106 1,053 ± 82
P90 S S 1,205 ± 113 1,292 ± 92
Food mean 79 ± 5 84 ± 8 76 ± 3 77 ± 3
P10 15 ± 3 15 ± 8 17 ± 2 16 ± 2
P25 33 ± 5 39 ± 10 33 ± 2 33 ± 2
median 68 ± 8 76 ± 11 63 ± 3 64 ± 2
P75 112 ± 8 120 ± 16 102 ± 3 105 ± 4
P90 160 ± 10 158 ± 16 146 ± 6 150 ± 6
Fuel mean 797 ± 55 697 ± 73 708 ± 24 726 ± 23
P10 219 ± 21 180 ± 34 169 ± 13 174 ± 12
P25 347 ± 28 308 ± 40 290 ± 14 301 ± 15
median 659 ± 54 600 ± 83 567 ± 35 583 ± 28
P75 1,029 ± 61 904 ± 142 967 ± 42 994 ± 42
P90 1,600 ± 154 1,465 ± 265 1,443 ± 38 1,465 ± 46
Fuel and food mean 839 ± 56 745 ± 71 754 ± 24 771 ± 23
P10 210 ± 42 192 ± 34 173 ± 10 176 ± 11
P25 369 ± 33 346 ± 38 318 ± 14 327 ± 15
median 694 ± 56 660 ± 82 607 ± 31 631 ± 31
P75 1,137 ± 65 971 ± 127 1,032 ± 43 1,064 ± 47
P90 1,700 ± 145 1,530 ± 208 1,527 ± 44 1,544 ± 46
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 179.8
Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure by Ethnicity ($)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity mean 481 ± 23 471 ± 35 431 ± 11 443 ± 10
P10 201 ± 20 180 ± 35 171 ± 8 176 ± 11
P25 313 ± 20 277 ± 41 245 ± 11 261 ± 11
median 439 ± 28 433 ± 40 379 ± 12 390 ± 14
P75 602 ± 33 579 ± 64 553 ± 19 569 ± 18
P90 825 ± 68 871 ± 128 722 ± 21 746 ± 33
Gas mean 98 ± 18 94 ± 33 112 ± 10 110 ± 9
P10 7 ± 1 7 ± 2 9 ± 1 8 ± 1
P25 11 ± 3 10 ± 2 17 ± 2 15 ± 3
median 33 ± 11 20 ± 10 49 ± 10 45 ± 7
P75 136 ± 39 108 ± 92 172 ± 15 165 ± 11
P90 305 ± 74 256 ± 96 280 ± 25 285 ± 22
Petrol mean 885 ± 71 781 ± 93 909 ± 41 899 ± 36
P10 295 ± 42 295 ± 116 295 ± 17 295 ± 12
P25 393 ± 64 393 ± 22 469 ± 43 443 ± 41
median 767 ± 137 590 ± 94 770 ± 30 767 ± 42
P75 1,180 ± 143 1,030 ± 191 1,171 ± 73 1,168 ± 78
P90 1,701 ± 161 1,529 ± 211 1,769 ± 103 1,736 ± 83
Diesel mean 1,249 ± 223 S 1,087 ± 106 1,126 ± 91
P10 S S 577 ± 242 496 ± 182
P25 662 ± 267 S 674 ± 111 662 ± 99
median 1,314 ± 432 S 1,034 ± 126 1,042 ± 137
P75 1,819 ± 371 S 1,425 ± 149 1,483 ± 116
P90 S S 1,696 ± 159 1,819 ± 129
Food mean 111 ± 7 118 ± 11 106 ± 4 108 ± 4
P10 21 ± 4 21 ± 11 23 ± 3 23 ± 2
P25 46 ± 7 55 ± 13 46 ± 3 47 ± 3
median 96 ± 11 106 ± 16 88 ± 4 90 ± 3
P75 158 ± 11 169 ± 22 144 ± 4 148 ± 5
P90 226 ± 13 223 ± 22 206 ± 8 211 ± 9
Fuel mean 1,123 ± 77 981 ± 103 998 ± 33 1,022 ± 33
P10 308 ± 29 253 ± 48 238 ± 18 246 ± 17
P25 488 ± 39 433 ± 57 408 ± 19 423 ± 20
median 929 ± 76 845 ± 117 798 ± 49 821 ± 40
P75 1,449 ± 86 1,273 ± 200 1,362 ± 60 1,400 ± 59
P90 2,254 ± 217 2,063 ± 373 2,032 ± 53 2,063 ± 65
Fuel and food mean 1,181 ± 79 1,049 ± 100 1,062 ± 33 1,085 ± 33
P10 295 ± 59 270 ± 47 244 ± 14 248 ± 15
P25 520 ± 47 488 ± 53 448 ± 19 461 ± 21
median 977 ± 78 929 ± 115 854 ± 43 889 ± 44
P75 1,600 ± 92 1,368 ± 179 1,453 ± 60 1,499 ± 65
P90 2,394 ± 204 2,154 ± 293 2,151 ± 62 2,174 ± 65
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 224.8
Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure by Ethnicity ($)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity mean 620 ± 30 607 ± 45 555 ± 14 571 ± 13
P10 259 ± 26 233 ± 45 220 ± 11 227 ± 14
P25 404 ± 26 358 ± 52 316 ± 13 337 ± 14
median 566 ± 36 559 ± 51 488 ± 15 503 ± 18
P75 776 ± 42 746 ± 83 714 ± 25 735 ± 23
P90 1,064 ± 87 1,124 ± 165 931 ± 27 962 ± 42
Gas mean 127 ± 23 121 ± 43 145 ± 13 142 ± 11
P10 10 ± 1 10 ± 2 11 ± 1 11 ± 1
P25 15 ± 4 13 ± 3 22 ± 3 19 ± 3
median 43 ± 14 25 ± 13 63 ± 13 59 ± 9
P75 176 ± 50 139 ± 119 222 ± 19 213 ± 14
P90 394 ± 96 330 ± 124 361 ± 32 367 ± 28
Petrol mean 1,142 ± 91 1,007 ± 119 1,173 ± 53 1,160 ± 46
P10 381 ± 54 381 ± 150 381 ± 22 381 ± 16
P25 507 ± 82 507 ± 28 605 ± 56 571 ± 52
median 989 ± 177 761 ± 121 994 ± 39 989 ± 54
P75 1,522 ± 184 1,328 ± 246 1,510 ± 94 1,507 ± 100
P90 2,195 ± 207 1,973 ± 272 2,282 ± 133 2,239 ± 107
Diesel mean 1,611 ± 288 S 1,402 ± 136 1,453 ± 117
P10 S S 744 ± 312 640 ± 235
P25 853 ± 344 S 869 ± 143 853 ± 128
median 1,695 ± 558 S 1,334 ± 163 1,344 ± 176
P75 2,347 ± 478 S 1,838 ± 192 1,913 ± 149
P90 S S 2,188 ± 205 2,347 ± 166
Food mean 144 ± 9 152 ± 15 137 ± 5 139 ± 4
P10 28 ± 5 28 ± 14 30 ± 3 30 ± 3
P25 60 ± 9 71 ± 17 60 ± 4 60 ± 4
median 124 ± 14 137 ± 20 114 ± 5 116 ± 4
P75 203 ± 14 218 ± 29 186 ± 5 190 ± 6
P90 291 ± 17 287 ± 28 265 ± 10 272 ± 11
Fuel mean 1,448 ± 99 1,266 ± 133 1,287 ± 43 1,318 ± 42
P10 397 ± 37 326 ± 62 307 ± 23 317 ± 21
P25 629 ± 51 559 ± 73 526 ± 24 546 ± 26
median 1,198 ± 99 1,090 ± 150 1,030 ± 64 1,059 ± 51
P75 1,870 ± 110 1,641 ± 257 1,757 ± 77 1,806 ± 76
P90 2,907 ± 280 2,661 ± 481 2,621 ± 69 2,661 ± 84
Fuel and food mean 1,524 ± 102 1,353 ± 129 1,370 ± 43 1,400 ± 42
P10 381 ± 75 348 ± 61 314 ± 17 320 ± 20
P25 670 ± 60 629 ± 69 578 ± 25 595 ± 27
median 1,260 ± 101 1,199 ± 148 1,102 ± 55 1,147 ± 56
P75 2,064 ± 118 1,764 ± 231 1,874 ± 78 1,933 ± 84
P90 3,088 ± 263 2,779 ± 378 2,774 ± 80 2,805 ± 84
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

Changes in expenditure as a percentage of household disposable income

As in other TAWA analysis. Very low modelled incomes in the bottom quintile adversely affect the expenditure as a percentage of disposable income results, particularly the mean. Means of expenditure as a percentage of disposable income have not been provided in this analysis.

Summary statistics based on group populations

By HEDI

Carbon price: $ 45
Plots

For this carbon price the plots for Gas and Diesel have been omitted due to low values and rounding issues.

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile (%)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity P10 0.00 ± 0.02 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.09 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
median 0.13 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01
P75 0.21 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01
P90 0.31 ± 0.05 0.17 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.17 ± 0.01
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01
P90 0.03 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
Petrol P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.07 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.01
P75 0.19 ± 0.03 0.17 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01
P90 0.36 ± 0.07 0.25 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.02
Diesel P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P90 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Food P10 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01
P25 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
median 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P75 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P90 0.06 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
Fuel P10 0.06 ± 0.03 0.06 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
P25 0.13 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
median 0.22 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01
P75 0.42 ± 0.04 0.28 ± 0.02 0.23 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01 0.24 ± 0.01
P90 0.65 ± 0.08 0.39 ± 0.04 0.33 ± 0.03 0.27 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.03 0.37 ± 0.02
Fuel and food P10 0.09 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
P25 0.15 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
median 0.25 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.01
P75 0.44 ± 0.05 0.30 ± 0.02 0.24 ± 0.03 0.21 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01 0.26 ± 0.01
P90 0.69 ± 0.08 0.42 ± 0.03 0.35 ± 0.03 0.28 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.02 0.40 ± 0.02
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 89.9
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile (%)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity P10 0.00 ± 0.04 0.00 ± 0.03 0.00 ± 0.02 0.00 ± 0.02 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.27 ± 0.03 0.16 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01
median 0.43 ± 0.04 0.28 ± 0.02 0.20 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01 0.20 ± 0.01
P75 0.67 ± 0.04 0.40 ± 0.03 0.28 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.02 0.34 ± 0.01
P90 0.99 ± 0.14 0.56 ± 0.03 0.39 ± 0.03 0.31 ± 0.03 0.21 ± 0.02 0.54 ± 0.03
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P90 0.11 ± 0.04 0.10 ± 0.03 0.07 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
Petrol P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.22 ± 0.05 0.17 ± 0.04 0.15 ± 0.04 0.07 ± 0.05 0.12 ± 0.03
P75 0.63 ± 0.08 0.55 ± 0.08 0.46 ± 0.04 0.37 ± 0.04 0.23 ± 0.03 0.42 ± 0.03
P90 1.16 ± 0.22 0.80 ± 0.08 0.72 ± 0.08 0.58 ± 0.06 0.37 ± 0.05 0.72 ± 0.04
Diesel P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P90 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Food P10 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P25 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
median 0.07 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01
P75 0.11 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
P90 0.18 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
Fuel P10 0.20 ± 0.08 0.19 ± 0.04 0.14 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.03 0.10 ± 0.02
P25 0.40 ± 0.05 0.32 ± 0.02 0.24 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.02
median 0.71 ± 0.07 0.56 ± 0.05 0.45 ± 0.03 0.36 ± 0.05 0.23 ± 0.03 0.44 ± 0.02
P75 1.35 ± 0.13 0.90 ± 0.05 0.73 ± 0.05 0.62 ± 0.04 0.39 ± 0.04 0.76 ± 0.04
P90 2.11 ± 0.25 1.27 ± 0.11 1.05 ± 0.09 0.86 ± 0.06 0.60 ± 0.07 1.20 ± 0.06
Fuel and food P10 0.28 ± 0.05 0.25 ± 0.04 0.19 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.02
P25 0.47 ± 0.05 0.38 ± 0.03 0.29 ± 0.02 0.23 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.02 0.27 ± 0.02
median 0.81 ± 0.08 0.61 ± 0.05 0.51 ± 0.03 0.42 ± 0.04 0.27 ± 0.03 0.49 ± 0.03
P75 1.42 ± 0.15 0.96 ± 0.06 0.78 ± 0.07 0.67 ± 0.04 0.43 ± 0.04 0.82 ± 0.03
P90 2.22 ± 0.25 1.36 ± 0.10 1.12 ± 0.08 0.91 ± 0.06 0.62 ± 0.06 1.27 ± 0.06
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 134.9
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile (%)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity P10 0.00 ± 0.07 0.00 ± 0.04 0.00 ± 0.03 0.00 ± 0.04 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.46 ± 0.05 0.27 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.01
median 0.72 ± 0.06 0.47 ± 0.03 0.34 ± 0.03 0.25 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.02 0.33 ± 0.02
P75 1.14 ± 0.07 0.67 ± 0.04 0.47 ± 0.04 0.37 ± 0.02 0.26 ± 0.02 0.57 ± 0.02
P90 1.68 ± 0.23 0.95 ± 0.05 0.67 ± 0.05 0.52 ± 0.04 0.36 ± 0.03 0.91 ± 0.05
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.01 ± 0.02 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.01
P90 0.18 ± 0.06 0.17 ± 0.05 0.12 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.02
Petrol P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.37 ± 0.08 0.29 ± 0.07 0.25 ± 0.06 0.11 ± 0.08 0.20 ± 0.05
P75 1.06 ± 0.13 0.93 ± 0.13 0.78 ± 0.06 0.63 ± 0.07 0.39 ± 0.05 0.70 ± 0.05
P90 1.97 ± 0.37 1.34 ± 0.12 1.22 ± 0.13 0.98 ± 0.09 0.63 ± 0.08 1.22 ± 0.07
Diesel P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P90 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Food P10 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P25 0.06 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
median 0.11 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
P75 0.18 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01
P90 0.30 ± 0.04 0.20 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.01
Fuel P10 0.33 ± 0.13 0.32 ± 0.06 0.24 ± 0.04 0.18 ± 0.03 0.09 ± 0.04 0.17 ± 0.02
P25 0.68 ± 0.07 0.55 ± 0.04 0.41 ± 0.04 0.32 ± 0.03 0.20 ± 0.03 0.38 ± 0.03
median 1.20 ± 0.11 0.94 ± 0.07 0.77 ± 0.05 0.61 ± 0.07 0.39 ± 0.05 0.74 ± 0.04
P75 2.28 ± 0.21 1.53 ± 0.09 1.23 ± 0.09 1.04 ± 0.06 0.66 ± 0.06 1.28 ± 0.06
P90 3.56 ± 0.42 2.14 ± 0.17 1.78 ± 0.15 1.46 ± 0.09 1.01 ± 0.12 2.02 ± 0.10
Fuel and food P10 0.47 ± 0.09 0.42 ± 0.06 0.32 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.04 0.13 ± 0.03 0.24 ± 0.03
P25 0.79 ± 0.07 0.64 ± 0.05 0.49 ± 0.03 0.40 ± 0.04 0.25 ± 0.03 0.45 ± 0.02
median 1.36 ± 0.13 1.03 ± 0.07 0.86 ± 0.05 0.70 ± 0.06 0.45 ± 0.04 0.83 ± 0.04
P75 2.41 ± 0.25 1.63 ± 0.10 1.32 ± 0.12 1.14 ± 0.06 0.73 ± 0.06 1.39 ± 0.05
P90 3.75 ± 0.41 2.30 ± 0.17 1.89 ± 0.12 1.54 ± 0.10 1.05 ± 0.10 2.15 ± 0.10
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 179.8
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile (%)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity P10 0.00 ± 0.10 0.00 ± 0.06 0.00 ± 0.04 0.00 ± 0.05 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.65 ± 0.07 0.39 ± 0.04 0.31 ± 0.04 0.22 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.02 0.23 ± 0.02
median 1.02 ± 0.08 0.66 ± 0.04 0.48 ± 0.03 0.36 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.02 0.47 ± 0.03
P75 1.60 ± 0.10 0.94 ± 0.06 0.66 ± 0.05 0.53 ± 0.03 0.37 ± 0.03 0.80 ± 0.03
P90 2.37 ± 0.32 1.33 ± 0.07 0.94 ± 0.07 0.73 ± 0.06 0.51 ± 0.04 1.28 ± 0.06
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.02 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.01
P90 0.26 ± 0.09 0.23 ± 0.07 0.17 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.02
Petrol P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.52 ± 0.12 0.40 ± 0.09 0.36 ± 0.09 0.15 ± 0.11 0.28 ± 0.07
P75 1.49 ± 0.19 1.31 ± 0.18 1.09 ± 0.09 0.89 ± 0.09 0.55 ± 0.07 0.99 ± 0.07
P90 2.77 ± 0.52 1.89 ± 0.17 1.71 ± 0.18 1.38 ± 0.13 0.88 ± 0.11 1.72 ± 0.09
Diesel P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P90 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Food P10 0.01 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
P25 0.08 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01
median 0.16 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
P75 0.26 ± 0.03 0.21 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 0.17 ± 0.01
P90 0.43 ± 0.05 0.29 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.02
Fuel P10 0.47 ± 0.18 0.45 ± 0.08 0.34 ± 0.05 0.25 ± 0.04 0.13 ± 0.06 0.24 ± 0.03
P25 0.96 ± 0.10 0.77 ± 0.05 0.57 ± 0.05 0.45 ± 0.04 0.28 ± 0.04 0.53 ± 0.04
median 1.69 ± 0.16 1.33 ± 0.10 1.08 ± 0.06 0.86 ± 0.10 0.55 ± 0.06 1.04 ± 0.05
P75 3.21 ± 0.30 2.15 ± 0.12 1.73 ± 0.12 1.47 ± 0.08 0.93 ± 0.08 1.81 ± 0.08
P90 5.02 ± 0.59 3.01 ± 0.24 2.51 ± 0.21 2.05 ± 0.12 1.42 ± 0.17 2.85 ± 0.14
Fuel and food P10 0.66 ± 0.12 0.59 ± 0.09 0.45 ± 0.06 0.33 ± 0.05 0.18 ± 0.04 0.33 ± 0.04
P25 1.11 ± 0.10 0.90 ± 0.06 0.70 ± 0.05 0.56 ± 0.05 0.36 ± 0.04 0.64 ± 0.03
median 1.92 ± 0.18 1.45 ± 0.10 1.21 ± 0.07 0.99 ± 0.08 0.63 ± 0.06 1.17 ± 0.05
P75 3.39 ± 0.35 2.30 ± 0.14 1.85 ± 0.16 1.60 ± 0.08 1.02 ± 0.08 1.96 ± 0.07
P90 5.28 ± 0.58 3.23 ± 0.23 2.66 ± 0.17 2.17 ± 0.14 1.49 ± 0.14 3.03 ± 0.14
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 224.8
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile (%)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity P10 0.00 ± 0.13 0.00 ± 0.07 0.00 ± 0.05 0.00 ± 0.07 0.00 ± 0.02 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.84 ± 0.09 0.50 ± 0.05 0.40 ± 0.06 0.28 ± 0.03 0.17 ± 0.03 0.30 ± 0.02
median 1.31 ± 0.10 0.85 ± 0.05 0.62 ± 0.04 0.46 ± 0.03 0.29 ± 0.02 0.60 ± 0.03
P75 2.06 ± 0.12 1.22 ± 0.07 0.86 ± 0.07 0.68 ± 0.04 0.47 ± 0.04 1.04 ± 0.03
P90 3.05 ± 0.41 1.72 ± 0.10 1.21 ± 0.09 0.95 ± 0.07 0.65 ± 0.05 1.66 ± 0.08
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.02 ± 0.03 0.03 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.03 0.03 ± 0.01
P90 0.33 ± 0.11 0.30 ± 0.10 0.21 ± 0.04 0.19 ± 0.04 0.18 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.02
Petrol P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.66 ± 0.15 0.52 ± 0.12 0.46 ± 0.11 0.20 ± 0.14 0.36 ± 0.09
P75 1.93 ± 0.24 1.68 ± 0.23 1.41 ± 0.11 1.15 ± 0.12 0.71 ± 0.09 1.27 ± 0.08
P90 3.57 ± 0.66 2.44 ± 0.22 2.21 ± 0.23 1.78 ± 0.17 1.14 ± 0.14 2.21 ± 0.12
Diesel P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P90 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Food P10 0.02 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
P25 0.10 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
median 0.20 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01
P75 0.33 ± 0.04 0.26 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.01
P90 0.55 ± 0.06 0.37 ± 0.03 0.29 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.02 0.33 ± 0.02
Fuel P10 0.60 ± 0.23 0.58 ± 0.10 0.44 ± 0.06 0.32 ± 0.05 0.17 ± 0.07 0.31 ± 0.04
P25 1.24 ± 0.13 0.99 ± 0.06 0.74 ± 0.06 0.58 ± 0.05 0.36 ± 0.04 0.69 ± 0.05
median 2.18 ± 0.20 1.71 ± 0.13 1.39 ± 0.08 1.11 ± 0.13 0.71 ± 0.08 1.34 ± 0.06
P75 4.15 ± 0.38 2.77 ± 0.16 2.23 ± 0.16 1.90 ± 0.10 1.21 ± 0.10 2.33 ± 0.10
P90 6.47 ± 0.76 3.89 ± 0.31 3.24 ± 0.27 2.65 ± 0.16 1.83 ± 0.21 3.68 ± 0.18
Fuel and food P10 0.86 ± 0.16 0.76 ± 0.11 0.58 ± 0.07 0.43 ± 0.06 0.23 ± 0.05 0.43 ± 0.04
P25 1.44 ± 0.13 1.16 ± 0.08 0.90 ± 0.06 0.72 ± 0.07 0.46 ± 0.05 0.82 ± 0.04
median 2.48 ± 0.23 1.87 ± 0.13 1.57 ± 0.09 1.28 ± 0.11 0.82 ± 0.07 1.51 ± 0.07
P75 4.37 ± 0.45 2.96 ± 0.18 2.39 ± 0.21 2.07 ± 0.10 1.32 ± 0.10 2.53 ± 0.09
P90 6.81 ± 0.75 4.17 ± 0.30 3.43 ± 0.22 2.80 ± 0.18 1.92 ± 0.18 3.91 ± 0.17
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

By Ethnicity

Carbon price: $ 45
Plots

For this carbon price the plots for Gas and Diesel have been omitted due to low values and rounding issues.

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Ethnicity (%)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity P10 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
median 0.07 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01
P75 0.12 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01
P90 0.19 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.03 0.16 ± 0.01 0.17 ± 0.01
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01
P90 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
Petrol P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.06 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.01
P75 0.14 ± 0.03 0.11 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01
P90 0.22 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.02
Diesel P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P90 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Food P10 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01
P25 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
median 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P75 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P90 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
Fuel P10 0.03 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
P25 0.08 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
median 0.16 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01
P75 0.26 ± 0.03 0.20 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.01 0.24 ± 0.01
P90 0.39 ± 0.03 0.32 ± 0.06 0.36 ± 0.02 0.37 ± 0.02
Fuel and food P10 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
P25 0.09 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
median 0.17 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.01
P75 0.28 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.04 0.25 ± 0.01 0.26 ± 0.01
P90 0.42 ± 0.04 0.37 ± 0.08 0.39 ± 0.02 0.40 ± 0.02
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 89.9
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Ethnicity (%)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity P10 0.00 ± 0.02 0.00 ± 0.02 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.11 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.03 0.09 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01
median 0.22 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.01 0.20 ± 0.01
P75 0.38 ± 0.04 0.31 ± 0.05 0.33 ± 0.02 0.34 ± 0.01
P90 0.61 ± 0.05 0.53 ± 0.09 0.52 ± 0.03 0.54 ± 0.03
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P90 0.06 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.03 0.08 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
Petrol P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.19 ± 0.06 0.14 ± 0.05 0.08 ± 0.05 0.12 ± 0.03
P75 0.46 ± 0.07 0.34 ± 0.08 0.41 ± 0.03 0.42 ± 0.03
P90 0.70 ± 0.08 0.60 ± 0.08 0.73 ± 0.04 0.72 ± 0.04
Diesel P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P90 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Food P10 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P25 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
median 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01
P75 0.07 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
P90 0.10 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
Fuel P10 0.11 ± 0.04 0.09 ± 0.05 0.10 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.02
P25 0.25 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.04 0.22 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.02
median 0.50 ± 0.05 0.37 ± 0.05 0.42 ± 0.03 0.44 ± 0.02
P75 0.82 ± 0.09 0.65 ± 0.09 0.75 ± 0.04 0.76 ± 0.04
P90 1.27 ± 0.09 1.03 ± 0.19 1.17 ± 0.06 1.20 ± 0.06
Fuel and food P10 0.15 ± 0.04 0.11 ± 0.04 0.14 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.02
P25 0.30 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.04 0.27 ± 0.02 0.27 ± 0.02
median 0.55 ± 0.04 0.41 ± 0.07 0.48 ± 0.02 0.49 ± 0.03
P75 0.90 ± 0.09 0.73 ± 0.11 0.81 ± 0.04 0.82 ± 0.03
P90 1.36 ± 0.11 1.19 ± 0.25 1.26 ± 0.06 1.27 ± 0.06
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 134.9
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Ethnicity (%)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity P10 0.00 ± 0.03 0.00 ± 0.02 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.18 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.05 0.16 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.01
median 0.37 ± 0.03 0.31 ± 0.04 0.33 ± 0.02 0.33 ± 0.02
P75 0.64 ± 0.07 0.52 ± 0.08 0.56 ± 0.02 0.57 ± 0.02
P90 1.04 ± 0.08 0.90 ± 0.15 0.88 ± 0.05 0.91 ± 0.05
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P90 0.10 ± 0.04 0.03 ± 0.05 0.13 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.02
Petrol P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.32 ± 0.10 0.23 ± 0.08 0.14 ± 0.07 0.20 ± 0.05
P75 0.78 ± 0.12 0.58 ± 0.13 0.70 ± 0.05 0.70 ± 0.05
P90 1.18 ± 0.13 1.01 ± 0.13 1.24 ± 0.07 1.22 ± 0.07
Diesel P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P90 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Food P10 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P25 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
median 0.08 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
P75 0.12 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01
P90 0.17 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.01
Fuel P10 0.19 ± 0.06 0.15 ± 0.08 0.17 ± 0.03 0.17 ± 0.02
P25 0.42 ± 0.05 0.32 ± 0.07 0.37 ± 0.03 0.38 ± 0.03
median 0.85 ± 0.08 0.63 ± 0.09 0.72 ± 0.04 0.74 ± 0.04
P75 1.39 ± 0.15 1.11 ± 0.15 1.26 ± 0.06 1.28 ± 0.06
P90 2.14 ± 0.15 1.74 ± 0.31 1.98 ± 0.09 2.02 ± 0.10
Fuel and food P10 0.25 ± 0.06 0.19 ± 0.06 0.24 ± 0.03 0.24 ± 0.03
P25 0.50 ± 0.06 0.41 ± 0.07 0.45 ± 0.03 0.45 ± 0.02
median 0.93 ± 0.07 0.70 ± 0.11 0.81 ± 0.04 0.83 ± 0.04
P75 1.52 ± 0.15 1.23 ± 0.19 1.37 ± 0.06 1.39 ± 0.05
P90 2.29 ± 0.19 2.01 ± 0.41 2.13 ± 0.10 2.15 ± 0.10
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 179.8
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Ethnicity (%)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity P10 0.00 ± 0.04 0.00 ± 0.03 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.26 ± 0.05 0.21 ± 0.06 0.23 ± 0.02 0.23 ± 0.02
median 0.52 ± 0.05 0.43 ± 0.05 0.46 ± 0.03 0.47 ± 0.03
P75 0.91 ± 0.10 0.74 ± 0.11 0.79 ± 0.03 0.80 ± 0.03
P90 1.46 ± 0.12 1.26 ± 0.21 1.24 ± 0.06 1.28 ± 0.06
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P90 0.14 ± 0.05 0.05 ± 0.07 0.18 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.02
Petrol P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.45 ± 0.14 0.33 ± 0.12 0.20 ± 0.10 0.28 ± 0.07
P75 1.10 ± 0.17 0.82 ± 0.19 0.98 ± 0.07 0.99 ± 0.07
P90 1.66 ± 0.18 1.43 ± 0.19 1.74 ± 0.10 1.72 ± 0.09
Diesel P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P90 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Food P10 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
P25 0.06 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01
median 0.11 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
P75 0.17 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.01 0.17 ± 0.01
P90 0.24 ± 0.03 0.24 ± 0.04 0.26 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.02
Fuel P10 0.27 ± 0.08 0.21 ± 0.11 0.24 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.03
P25 0.59 ± 0.07 0.45 ± 0.10 0.52 ± 0.04 0.53 ± 0.04
median 1.20 ± 0.10 0.88 ± 0.12 1.01 ± 0.05 1.04 ± 0.05
P75 1.96 ± 0.21 1.56 ± 0.21 1.78 ± 0.08 1.81 ± 0.08
P90 3.02 ± 0.21 2.45 ± 0.44 2.79 ± 0.13 2.85 ± 0.14
Fuel and food P10 0.36 ± 0.08 0.27 ± 0.08 0.33 ± 0.04 0.33 ± 0.04
P25 0.71 ± 0.08 0.57 ± 0.10 0.63 ± 0.03 0.64 ± 0.03
median 1.31 ± 0.09 0.98 ± 0.15 1.14 ± 0.05 1.17 ± 0.05
P75 2.15 ± 0.20 1.73 ± 0.26 1.93 ± 0.08 1.96 ± 0.07
P90 3.23 ± 0.26 2.84 ± 0.58 3.00 ± 0.13 3.03 ± 0.14
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 224.8
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Ethnicity (%)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity P10 0.00 ± 0.05 0.00 ± 0.04 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.33 ± 0.06 0.27 ± 0.08 0.29 ± 0.02 0.30 ± 0.02
median 0.67 ± 0.06 0.56 ± 0.06 0.59 ± 0.03 0.60 ± 0.03
P75 1.17 ± 0.13 0.95 ± 0.14 1.02 ± 0.04 1.04 ± 0.03
P90 1.88 ± 0.15 1.63 ± 0.27 1.60 ± 0.08 1.66 ± 0.08
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
P90 0.18 ± 0.06 0.06 ± 0.09 0.23 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.02
Petrol P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.58 ± 0.18 0.43 ± 0.15 0.26 ± 0.13 0.36 ± 0.09
P75 1.42 ± 0.22 1.05 ± 0.24 1.27 ± 0.08 1.27 ± 0.08
P90 2.14 ± 0.23 1.84 ± 0.24 2.25 ± 0.12 2.21 ± 0.12
Diesel P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P90 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Food P10 0.03 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.03 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
P25 0.08 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
median 0.15 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01
P75 0.22 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.01
P90 0.32 ± 0.03 0.31 ± 0.05 0.33 ± 0.03 0.33 ± 0.02
Fuel P10 0.34 ± 0.10 0.27 ± 0.14 0.31 ± 0.05 0.31 ± 0.04
P25 0.76 ± 0.09 0.58 ± 0.13 0.68 ± 0.05 0.69 ± 0.05
median 1.54 ± 0.13 1.14 ± 0.16 1.30 ± 0.07 1.34 ± 0.06
P75 2.53 ± 0.27 2.01 ± 0.27 2.29 ± 0.10 2.33 ± 0.10
P90 3.89 ± 0.26 3.16 ± 0.57 3.60 ± 0.17 3.68 ± 0.18
Fuel and food P10 0.46 ± 0.10 0.35 ± 0.10 0.43 ± 0.05 0.43 ± 0.04
P25 0.91 ± 0.10 0.74 ± 0.12 0.81 ± 0.04 0.82 ± 0.04
median 1.69 ± 0.12 1.26 ± 0.19 1.46 ± 0.06 1.51 ± 0.07
P75 2.77 ± 0.26 2.23 ± 0.34 2.49 ± 0.10 2.53 ± 0.09
P90 4.16 ± 0.33 3.66 ± 0.74 3.86 ± 0.17 3.91 ± 0.17
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

Summary statistics based on populations with non-zero expenditure

By HEDI

Carbon price: $ 45
Plots

For this carbon price the plots for Gas and Diesel have been omitted due to low values and rounding issues.

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile (%)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity P10 0.07 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P25 0.10 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
median 0.14 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
P75 0.22 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
P90 0.34 ± 0.05 0.18 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.01
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01
P25 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01
median 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P75 0.06 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P90 0.09 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01
Petrol P10 0.09 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
P25 0.15 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
median 0.23 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01
P75 0.34 ± 0.06 0.22 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.02 0.20 ± 0.01
P90 0.57 ± 0.09 0.31 ± 0.04 0.28 ± 0.04 0.21 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.03 0.29 ± 0.02
Diesel P10 S S S S S 0.05 ± 0.02
P25 0.20 ± 0.12 0.10 ± 0.07 0.16 ± 0.11 0.09 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.02
median 0.27 ± 0.09 0.16 ± 0.15 0.19 ± 0.05 0.15 ± 0.06 0.07 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.04
P75 0.42 ± 0.17 0.29 ± 0.06 0.23 ± 0.05 0.18 ± 0.03 0.11 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.04
P90 S S S S S 0.31 ± 0.06
Food P10 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01
P25 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
median 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P75 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P90 0.06 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
Fuel P10 0.09 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
P25 0.14 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
median 0.25 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01
P75 0.43 ± 0.05 0.28 ± 0.02 0.23 ± 0.02 0.20 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.24 ± 0.01
P90 0.66 ± 0.10 0.39 ± 0.04 0.33 ± 0.03 0.27 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.03 0.38 ± 0.02
Fuel and food P10 0.09 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
P25 0.15 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
median 0.25 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.01
P75 0.45 ± 0.05 0.30 ± 0.02 0.24 ± 0.03 0.21 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01 0.26 ± 0.01
P90 0.70 ± 0.08 0.42 ± 0.03 0.35 ± 0.03 0.28 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.02 0.40 ± 0.02
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 89.9
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile (%)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity P10 0.24 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
P25 0.33 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01
median 0.47 ± 0.04 0.30 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.01
P75 0.70 ± 0.04 0.42 ± 0.03 0.30 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.01 0.37 ± 0.02
P90 1.09 ± 0.17 0.58 ± 0.04 0.40 ± 0.03 0.32 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.02 0.57 ± 0.04
Gas P10 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01
P25 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
median 0.07 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P75 0.19 ± 0.04 0.12 ± 0.03 0.08 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
P90 0.30 ± 0.06 0.22 ± 0.04 0.15 ± 0.03 0.10 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.02
Petrol P10 0.29 ± 0.05 0.19 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.01
P25 0.49 ± 0.06 0.28 ± 0.03 0.25 ± 0.04 0.20 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.01
median 0.73 ± 0.08 0.45 ± 0.05 0.42 ± 0.05 0.33 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.03 0.38 ± 0.03
P75 1.10 ± 0.17 0.69 ± 0.06 0.63 ± 0.07 0.51 ± 0.04 0.34 ± 0.04 0.63 ± 0.03
P90 1.83 ± 0.27 0.99 ± 0.11 0.90 ± 0.11 0.68 ± 0.07 0.51 ± 0.08 0.95 ± 0.07
Diesel P10 S S S S S 0.17 ± 0.04
P25 0.66 ± 0.38 0.33 ± 0.23 0.52 ± 0.34 0.28 ± 0.06 0.18 ± 0.06 0.27 ± 0.05
median 0.86 ± 0.29 0.53 ± 0.47 0.61 ± 0.14 0.50 ± 0.18 0.22 ± 0.10 0.46 ± 0.12
P75 1.35 ± 0.52 0.93 ± 0.18 0.74 ± 0.15 0.59 ± 0.08 0.34 ± 0.11 0.76 ± 0.12
P90 S S S S S 1.00 ± 0.20
Food P10 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P25 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
median 0.07 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01
P75 0.12 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
P90 0.19 ± 0.03 0.12 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
Fuel P10 0.30 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.02
P25 0.46 ± 0.04 0.34 ± 0.03 0.25 ± 0.03 0.21 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.02
median 0.79 ± 0.10 0.58 ± 0.04 0.47 ± 0.03 0.39 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.03 0.46 ± 0.02
P75 1.40 ± 0.14 0.91 ± 0.06 0.74 ± 0.06 0.63 ± 0.04 0.40 ± 0.03 0.78 ± 0.04
P90 2.14 ± 0.30 1.27 ± 0.11 1.06 ± 0.09 0.87 ± 0.05 0.60 ± 0.07 1.22 ± 0.06
Fuel and food P10 0.30 ± 0.04 0.25 ± 0.04 0.19 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.01
P25 0.48 ± 0.05 0.38 ± 0.03 0.29 ± 0.02 0.24 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.02 0.27 ± 0.02
median 0.82 ± 0.08 0.61 ± 0.04 0.51 ± 0.03 0.42 ± 0.04 0.27 ± 0.03 0.49 ± 0.03
P75 1.44 ± 0.16 0.96 ± 0.06 0.79 ± 0.08 0.67 ± 0.04 0.43 ± 0.04 0.83 ± 0.03
P90 2.25 ± 0.25 1.36 ± 0.10 1.12 ± 0.08 0.91 ± 0.06 0.62 ± 0.06 1.28 ± 0.06
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 134.9
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile (%)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity P10 0.40 ± 0.04 0.23 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01
P25 0.56 ± 0.04 0.36 ± 0.02 0.26 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.01
median 0.79 ± 0.06 0.51 ± 0.03 0.37 ± 0.03 0.28 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.01 0.38 ± 0.01
P75 1.18 ± 0.06 0.71 ± 0.04 0.50 ± 0.05 0.39 ± 0.02 0.28 ± 0.02 0.62 ± 0.03
P90 1.83 ± 0.28 0.97 ± 0.06 0.68 ± 0.05 0.54 ± 0.04 0.38 ± 0.03 0.96 ± 0.06
Gas P10 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P25 0.03 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
median 0.11 ± 0.04 0.04 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.01
P75 0.32 ± 0.07 0.21 ± 0.05 0.13 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.03 0.09 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.01
P90 0.51 ± 0.10 0.37 ± 0.06 0.25 ± 0.06 0.17 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.02 0.26 ± 0.04
Petrol P10 0.49 ± 0.09 0.32 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.04 0.23 ± 0.03 0.12 ± 0.04 0.23 ± 0.02
P25 0.83 ± 0.10 0.47 ± 0.04 0.42 ± 0.06 0.34 ± 0.04 0.23 ± 0.03 0.37 ± 0.02
median 1.23 ± 0.12 0.77 ± 0.08 0.71 ± 0.08 0.56 ± 0.05 0.37 ± 0.05 0.64 ± 0.04
P75 1.87 ± 0.28 1.17 ± 0.10 1.06 ± 0.11 0.87 ± 0.06 0.57 ± 0.07 1.06 ± 0.04
P90 3.09 ± 0.45 1.67 ± 0.19 1.51 ± 0.19 1.14 ± 0.11 0.86 ± 0.14 1.60 ± 0.11
Diesel P10 S S S S S 0.29 ± 0.07
P25 1.11 ± 0.64 0.56 ± 0.38 0.88 ± 0.57 0.47 ± 0.09 0.30 ± 0.09 0.45 ± 0.09
median 1.45 ± 0.48 0.89 ± 0.79 1.04 ± 0.23 0.84 ± 0.31 0.38 ± 0.16 0.78 ± 0.19
P75 2.29 ± 0.88 1.57 ± 0.30 1.25 ± 0.26 1.00 ± 0.13 0.58 ± 0.17 1.29 ± 0.20
P90 S S S S S 1.70 ± 0.33
Food P10 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P25 0.07 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01
median 0.12 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
P75 0.20 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01
P90 0.32 ± 0.05 0.20 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.01
Fuel P10 0.51 ± 0.04 0.38 ± 0.04 0.30 ± 0.04 0.22 ± 0.03 0.12 ± 0.02 0.23 ± 0.02
P25 0.78 ± 0.06 0.58 ± 0.05 0.43 ± 0.05 0.35 ± 0.03 0.21 ± 0.03 0.42 ± 0.02
median 1.34 ± 0.16 0.97 ± 0.07 0.79 ± 0.05 0.66 ± 0.07 0.41 ± 0.04 0.77 ± 0.03
P75 2.37 ± 0.23 1.53 ± 0.10 1.25 ± 0.10 1.07 ± 0.07 0.67 ± 0.05 1.32 ± 0.06
P90 3.61 ± 0.50 2.14 ± 0.18 1.79 ± 0.14 1.46 ± 0.09 1.02 ± 0.12 2.06 ± 0.11
Fuel and food P10 0.50 ± 0.07 0.42 ± 0.06 0.32 ± 0.03 0.24 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.03 0.24 ± 0.02
P25 0.81 ± 0.08 0.64 ± 0.05 0.50 ± 0.03 0.40 ± 0.04 0.25 ± 0.03 0.46 ± 0.03
median 1.38 ± 0.13 1.03 ± 0.07 0.86 ± 0.05 0.70 ± 0.06 0.45 ± 0.04 0.83 ± 0.04
P75 2.43 ± 0.26 1.63 ± 0.10 1.33 ± 0.12 1.14 ± 0.06 0.73 ± 0.06 1.40 ± 0.06
P90 3.80 ± 0.43 2.30 ± 0.17 1.89 ± 0.12 1.54 ± 0.10 1.05 ± 0.10 2.17 ± 0.11
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 179.8
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile (%)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity P10 0.56 ± 0.06 0.32 ± 0.04 0.25 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.03 0.11 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.01
P25 0.79 ± 0.05 0.51 ± 0.03 0.37 ± 0.04 0.27 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.02 0.31 ± 0.02
median 1.11 ± 0.08 0.71 ± 0.04 0.52 ± 0.03 0.39 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.02 0.53 ± 0.02
P75 1.66 ± 0.08 1.00 ± 0.06 0.71 ± 0.06 0.56 ± 0.03 0.39 ± 0.02 0.87 ± 0.04
P90 2.58 ± 0.39 1.37 ± 0.08 0.96 ± 0.07 0.76 ± 0.05 0.53 ± 0.05 1.36 ± 0.08
Gas P10 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P25 0.05 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
median 0.16 ± 0.05 0.06 ± 0.03 0.04 ± 0.03 0.04 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.01
P75 0.45 ± 0.09 0.29 ± 0.07 0.18 ± 0.03 0.16 ± 0.04 0.12 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.02
P90 0.72 ± 0.14 0.52 ± 0.08 0.35 ± 0.08 0.25 ± 0.04 0.18 ± 0.03 0.37 ± 0.05
Petrol P10 0.69 ± 0.12 0.44 ± 0.05 0.34 ± 0.05 0.32 ± 0.04 0.17 ± 0.05 0.32 ± 0.03
P25 1.17 ± 0.13 0.66 ± 0.05 0.59 ± 0.08 0.48 ± 0.06 0.32 ± 0.04 0.53 ± 0.03
median 1.73 ± 0.17 1.08 ± 0.12 1.00 ± 0.11 0.79 ± 0.07 0.52 ± 0.06 0.91 ± 0.05
P75 2.63 ± 0.39 1.65 ± 0.14 1.49 ± 0.15 1.22 ± 0.08 0.80 ± 0.09 1.50 ± 0.06
P90 4.36 ± 0.63 2.36 ± 0.26 2.13 ± 0.26 1.61 ± 0.15 1.22 ± 0.19 2.26 ± 0.15
Diesel P10 S S S S S 0.41 ± 0.10
P25 1.57 ± 0.90 0.78 ± 0.54 1.25 ± 0.80 0.66 ± 0.13 0.43 ± 0.13 0.63 ± 0.12
median 2.04 ± 0.67 1.26 ± 1.12 1.46 ± 0.32 1.18 ± 0.43 0.53 ± 0.22 1.10 ± 0.27
P75 3.22 ± 1.23 2.21 ± 0.42 1.76 ± 0.36 1.41 ± 0.19 0.81 ± 0.24 1.82 ± 0.27
P90 S S S S S 2.39 ± 0.46
Food P10 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
P25 0.10 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
median 0.17 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
P75 0.28 ± 0.03 0.21 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.01
P90 0.45 ± 0.07 0.29 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.02 0.26 ± 0.02
Fuel P10 0.72 ± 0.06 0.54 ± 0.05 0.42 ± 0.05 0.31 ± 0.03 0.17 ± 0.03 0.33 ± 0.03
P25 1.10 ± 0.08 0.82 ± 0.06 0.60 ± 0.07 0.50 ± 0.05 0.30 ± 0.04 0.59 ± 0.03
median 1.89 ± 0.23 1.37 ± 0.09 1.12 ± 0.07 0.94 ± 0.10 0.58 ± 0.06 1.09 ± 0.04
P75 3.33 ± 0.32 2.16 ± 0.14 1.76 ± 0.13 1.51 ± 0.09 0.94 ± 0.07 1.86 ± 0.08
P90 5.08 ± 0.71 3.01 ± 0.26 2.52 ± 0.20 2.06 ± 0.12 1.43 ± 0.16 2.91 ± 0.15
Fuel and food P10 0.71 ± 0.10 0.59 ± 0.08 0.45 ± 0.05 0.33 ± 0.05 0.18 ± 0.04 0.34 ± 0.03
P25 1.14 ± 0.11 0.90 ± 0.06 0.70 ± 0.04 0.56 ± 0.05 0.36 ± 0.04 0.65 ± 0.03
median 1.94 ± 0.18 1.45 ± 0.10 1.22 ± 0.07 0.99 ± 0.08 0.63 ± 0.06 1.17 ± 0.05
P75 3.43 ± 0.36 2.30 ± 0.14 1.87 ± 0.17 1.60 ± 0.08 1.02 ± 0.08 1.97 ± 0.08
P90 5.35 ± 0.60 3.23 ± 0.23 2.66 ± 0.17 2.17 ± 0.14 1.49 ± 0.14 3.05 ± 0.15
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 224.8
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile (%)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity P10 0.72 ± 0.07 0.41 ± 0.05 0.32 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.02
P25 1.02 ± 0.06 0.66 ± 0.04 0.47 ± 0.05 0.34 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.02 0.40 ± 0.02
median 1.43 ± 0.10 0.92 ± 0.05 0.67 ± 0.04 0.51 ± 0.03 0.33 ± 0.02 0.68 ± 0.02
P75 2.14 ± 0.11 1.29 ± 0.07 0.91 ± 0.08 0.72 ± 0.04 0.50 ± 0.03 1.13 ± 0.05
P90 3.33 ± 0.50 1.77 ± 0.10 1.24 ± 0.09 0.98 ± 0.07 0.68 ± 0.06 1.75 ± 0.10
Gas P10 0.03 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P25 0.06 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
median 0.21 ± 0.06 0.08 ± 0.04 0.05 ± 0.03 0.06 ± 0.03 0.06 ± 0.03 0.07 ± 0.01
P75 0.58 ± 0.12 0.38 ± 0.08 0.23 ± 0.04 0.21 ± 0.05 0.16 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.02
P90 0.93 ± 0.18 0.67 ± 0.11 0.45 ± 0.10 0.32 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.04 0.48 ± 0.06
Petrol P10 0.89 ± 0.16 0.57 ± 0.07 0.44 ± 0.07 0.41 ± 0.06 0.21 ± 0.07 0.41 ± 0.03
P25 1.50 ± 0.17 0.85 ± 0.07 0.76 ± 0.10 0.62 ± 0.07 0.42 ± 0.05 0.68 ± 0.04
median 2.23 ± 0.22 1.39 ± 0.15 1.30 ± 0.14 1.03 ± 0.08 0.67 ± 0.08 1.17 ± 0.07
P75 3.39 ± 0.50 2.13 ± 0.18 1.92 ± 0.20 1.57 ± 0.10 1.03 ± 0.11 1.93 ± 0.08
P90 5.62 ± 0.81 3.04 ± 0.34 2.75 ± 0.33 2.08 ± 0.19 1.57 ± 0.24 2.91 ± 0.19
Diesel P10 S S S S S 0.53 ± 0.12
P25 2.02 ± 1.16 1.01 ± 0.69 1.61 ± 1.03 0.86 ± 0.17 0.55 ± 0.17 0.82 ± 0.16
median 2.64 ± 0.87 1.62 ± 1.44 1.88 ± 0.41 1.52 ± 0.56 0.68 ± 0.28 1.42 ± 0.34
P75 4.16 ± 1.59 2.85 ± 0.54 2.28 ± 0.46 1.82 ± 0.24 1.05 ± 0.31 2.35 ± 0.35
P90 S S S S S 3.08 ± 0.59
Food P10 0.07 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
P25 0.13 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01
median 0.22 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.01
P75 0.36 ± 0.04 0.27 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01 0.23 ± 0.01
P90 0.57 ± 0.09 0.37 ± 0.04 0.29 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.02 0.33 ± 0.02
Fuel P10 0.93 ± 0.08 0.70 ± 0.06 0.54 ± 0.07 0.40 ± 0.04 0.22 ± 0.03 0.43 ± 0.04
P25 1.42 ± 0.10 1.05 ± 0.08 0.78 ± 0.09 0.64 ± 0.06 0.38 ± 0.05 0.76 ± 0.04
median 2.43 ± 0.29 1.77 ± 0.12 1.44 ± 0.09 1.21 ± 0.13 0.75 ± 0.07 1.41 ± 0.06
P75 4.30 ± 0.42 2.79 ± 0.17 2.27 ± 0.17 1.95 ± 0.12 1.22 ± 0.09 2.40 ± 0.10
P90 6.55 ± 0.91 3.89 ± 0.33 3.25 ± 0.26 2.66 ± 0.16 1.85 ± 0.21 3.75 ± 0.19
Fuel and food P10 0.92 ± 0.13 0.76 ± 0.10 0.58 ± 0.06 0.43 ± 0.06 0.23 ± 0.06 0.44 ± 0.04
P25 1.47 ± 0.14 1.16 ± 0.08 0.90 ± 0.06 0.72 ± 0.07 0.46 ± 0.05 0.83 ± 0.04
median 2.50 ± 0.24 1.87 ± 0.13 1.57 ± 0.09 1.28 ± 0.11 0.82 ± 0.07 1.51 ± 0.07
P75 4.42 ± 0.47 2.96 ± 0.18 2.41 ± 0.22 2.07 ± 0.10 1.32 ± 0.10 2.54 ± 0.10
P90 6.90 ± 0.77 4.17 ± 0.30 3.43 ± 0.22 2.80 ± 0.18 1.92 ± 0.18 3.94 ± 0.19
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

By Ethnicity

Carbon price: $ 45
Plots

For this carbon price the plots for Gas and Diesel have been omitted due to low values and rounding issues.

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Ethnicity (%)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity P10 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P25 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
median 0.07 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
P75 0.13 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
P90 0.20 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.03 0.17 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.01
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01
P25 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01
median 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P75 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P90 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.04 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01
Petrol P10 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
P25 0.07 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
median 0.11 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01
P75 0.19 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.03 0.20 ± 0.01 0.20 ± 0.01
P90 0.28 ± 0.05 0.22 ± 0.05 0.30 ± 0.02 0.29 ± 0.02
Diesel P10 S S 0.05 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.02
P25 0.09 ± 0.03 S 0.08 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.02
median 0.14 ± 0.06 S 0.15 ± 0.04 0.14 ± 0.04
P75 0.21 ± 0.08 S 0.25 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.04
P90 S S 0.31 ± 0.05 0.31 ± 0.06
Food P10 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01
P25 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
median 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P75 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P90 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
Fuel P10 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
P25 0.09 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
median 0.16 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01
P75 0.27 ± 0.03 0.21 ± 0.03 0.24 ± 0.02 0.24 ± 0.01
P90 0.40 ± 0.03 0.33 ± 0.07 0.37 ± 0.02 0.38 ± 0.02
Fuel and food P10 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
P25 0.09 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
median 0.17 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.01
P75 0.28 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.04 0.25 ± 0.01 0.26 ± 0.01
P90 0.42 ± 0.04 0.37 ± 0.08 0.39 ± 0.02 0.40 ± 0.02
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 89.9
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Ethnicity (%)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity P10 0.09 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
P25 0.14 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01
median 0.24 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.01
P75 0.41 ± 0.04 0.34 ± 0.04 0.36 ± 0.02 0.37 ± 0.02
P90 0.64 ± 0.06 0.56 ± 0.07 0.55 ± 0.04 0.57 ± 0.04
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01
P25 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
median 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P75 0.07 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.05 0.08 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
P90 0.13 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.10 0.16 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.02
Petrol P10 0.13 ± 0.03 0.11 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01
P25 0.23 ± 0.03 0.17 ± 0.04 0.22 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.01
median 0.37 ± 0.04 0.28 ± 0.06 0.39 ± 0.03 0.38 ± 0.03
P75 0.60 ± 0.05 0.49 ± 0.08 0.65 ± 0.03 0.63 ± 0.03
P90 0.91 ± 0.16 0.70 ± 0.15 0.96 ± 0.06 0.95 ± 0.07
Diesel P10 S S 0.16 ± 0.05 0.17 ± 0.04
P25 0.28 ± 0.09 S 0.27 ± 0.07 0.27 ± 0.05
median 0.47 ± 0.18 S 0.47 ± 0.13 0.46 ± 0.12
P75 0.67 ± 0.24 S 0.79 ± 0.13 0.76 ± 0.12
P90 S S 1.00 ± 0.15 1.00 ± 0.20
Food P10 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P25 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
median 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01
P75 0.08 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
P90 0.10 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
Fuel P10 0.16 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.02
P25 0.29 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.05 0.25 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.02
median 0.52 ± 0.04 0.38 ± 0.06 0.45 ± 0.02 0.46 ± 0.02
P75 0.86 ± 0.10 0.67 ± 0.10 0.77 ± 0.04 0.78 ± 0.04
P90 1.28 ± 0.09 1.06 ± 0.20 1.20 ± 0.07 1.22 ± 0.06
Fuel and food P10 0.15 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.04 0.14 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.01
P25 0.30 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.04 0.27 ± 0.02 0.27 ± 0.02
median 0.55 ± 0.04 0.41 ± 0.07 0.48 ± 0.02 0.49 ± 0.03
P75 0.90 ± 0.09 0.73 ± 0.11 0.81 ± 0.04 0.83 ± 0.03
P90 1.36 ± 0.11 1.19 ± 0.24 1.26 ± 0.06 1.28 ± 0.06
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 134.9
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Ethnicity (%)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity P10 0.14 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01
P25 0.24 ± 0.02 0.24 ± 0.04 0.22 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.01
median 0.41 ± 0.03 0.36 ± 0.05 0.37 ± 0.02 0.38 ± 0.01
P75 0.70 ± 0.06 0.57 ± 0.07 0.61 ± 0.03 0.62 ± 0.03
P90 1.08 ± 0.09 0.95 ± 0.12 0.93 ± 0.06 0.96 ± 0.06
Gas P10 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P25 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
median 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
P75 0.11 ± 0.03 0.12 ± 0.08 0.13 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.01
P90 0.23 ± 0.06 0.23 ± 0.17 0.27 ± 0.03 0.26 ± 0.04
Petrol P10 0.22 ± 0.05 0.19 ± 0.05 0.23 ± 0.02 0.23 ± 0.02
P25 0.39 ± 0.05 0.29 ± 0.06 0.38 ± 0.02 0.37 ± 0.02
median 0.62 ± 0.07 0.48 ± 0.09 0.67 ± 0.04 0.64 ± 0.04
P75 1.02 ± 0.08 0.83 ± 0.13 1.09 ± 0.04 1.06 ± 0.04
P90 1.53 ± 0.27 1.19 ± 0.25 1.62 ± 0.11 1.60 ± 0.11
Diesel P10 S S 0.27 ± 0.09 0.29 ± 0.07
P25 0.48 ± 0.15 S 0.45 ± 0.11 0.45 ± 0.09
median 0.79 ± 0.30 S 0.79 ± 0.22 0.78 ± 0.19
P75 1.14 ± 0.40 S 1.34 ± 0.21 1.29 ± 0.20
P90 S S 1.70 ± 0.25 1.70 ± 0.33
Food P10 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P25 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01
median 0.08 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
P75 0.13 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01
P90 0.18 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.04 0.19 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.01
Fuel P10 0.27 ± 0.04 0.22 ± 0.05 0.23 ± 0.02 0.23 ± 0.02
P25 0.48 ± 0.07 0.40 ± 0.08 0.41 ± 0.03 0.42 ± 0.02
median 0.88 ± 0.07 0.65 ± 0.10 0.75 ± 0.04 0.77 ± 0.03
P75 1.45 ± 0.16 1.13 ± 0.17 1.30 ± 0.06 1.32 ± 0.06
P90 2.16 ± 0.15 1.79 ± 0.34 2.03 ± 0.11 2.06 ± 0.11
Fuel and food P10 0.25 ± 0.05 0.21 ± 0.06 0.24 ± 0.02 0.24 ± 0.02
P25 0.50 ± 0.06 0.41 ± 0.07 0.45 ± 0.02 0.46 ± 0.03
median 0.94 ± 0.07 0.70 ± 0.11 0.81 ± 0.04 0.83 ± 0.04
P75 1.53 ± 0.14 1.23 ± 0.18 1.37 ± 0.06 1.40 ± 0.06
P90 2.30 ± 0.19 2.01 ± 0.40 2.13 ± 0.10 2.17 ± 0.11
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 179.8
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Ethnicity (%)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity P10 0.20 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.04 0.19 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.01
P25 0.34 ± 0.03 0.34 ± 0.05 0.30 ± 0.02 0.31 ± 0.02
median 0.57 ± 0.04 0.50 ± 0.06 0.52 ± 0.02 0.53 ± 0.02
P75 0.98 ± 0.08 0.80 ± 0.09 0.85 ± 0.04 0.87 ± 0.04
P90 1.52 ± 0.13 1.33 ± 0.16 1.31 ± 0.08 1.36 ± 0.08
Gas P10 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P25 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
median 0.04 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.01
P75 0.16 ± 0.04 0.16 ± 0.11 0.19 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.02
P90 0.32 ± 0.08 0.32 ± 0.24 0.39 ± 0.05 0.37 ± 0.05
Petrol P10 0.32 ± 0.07 0.26 ± 0.07 0.32 ± 0.03 0.32 ± 0.03
P25 0.55 ± 0.07 0.41 ± 0.08 0.53 ± 0.03 0.53 ± 0.03
median 0.88 ± 0.09 0.67 ± 0.13 0.94 ± 0.06 0.91 ± 0.05
P75 1.43 ± 0.10 1.17 ± 0.18 1.54 ± 0.06 1.50 ± 0.06
P90 2.16 ± 0.38 1.68 ± 0.35 2.28 ± 0.15 2.26 ± 0.15
Diesel P10 S S 0.38 ± 0.12 0.41 ± 0.10
P25 0.68 ± 0.21 S 0.63 ± 0.15 0.63 ± 0.12
median 1.11 ± 0.41 S 1.11 ± 0.30 1.10 ± 0.27
P75 1.60 ± 0.56 S 1.88 ± 0.30 1.82 ± 0.27
P90 S S 2.39 ± 0.36 2.39 ± 0.46
Food P10 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
P25 0.07 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
median 0.12 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
P75 0.18 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.01
P90 0.25 ± 0.03 0.25 ± 0.05 0.26 ± 0.02 0.26 ± 0.02
Fuel P10 0.37 ± 0.05 0.31 ± 0.07 0.32 ± 0.03 0.33 ± 0.03
P25 0.68 ± 0.09 0.56 ± 0.11 0.58 ± 0.04 0.59 ± 0.03
median 1.23 ± 0.09 0.91 ± 0.13 1.06 ± 0.05 1.09 ± 0.04
P75 2.05 ± 0.22 1.59 ± 0.23 1.84 ± 0.08 1.86 ± 0.08
P90 3.04 ± 0.21 2.52 ± 0.47 2.86 ± 0.15 2.91 ± 0.15
Fuel and food P10 0.36 ± 0.07 0.30 ± 0.08 0.34 ± 0.03 0.34 ± 0.03
P25 0.71 ± 0.08 0.58 ± 0.10 0.64 ± 0.03 0.65 ± 0.03
median 1.32 ± 0.10 0.98 ± 0.15 1.14 ± 0.05 1.17 ± 0.05
P75 2.15 ± 0.20 1.73 ± 0.26 1.94 ± 0.08 1.97 ± 0.08
P90 3.23 ± 0.26 2.84 ± 0.57 3.00 ± 0.14 3.05 ± 0.15
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 224.8
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Ethnicity (%)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity P10 0.26 ± 0.03 0.24 ± 0.05 0.24 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.02
P25 0.44 ± 0.03 0.43 ± 0.07 0.39 ± 0.03 0.40 ± 0.02
median 0.74 ± 0.05 0.65 ± 0.08 0.67 ± 0.03 0.68 ± 0.02
P75 1.27 ± 0.10 1.03 ± 0.12 1.10 ± 0.05 1.13 ± 0.05
P90 1.96 ± 0.16 1.72 ± 0.21 1.69 ± 0.11 1.75 ± 0.10
Gas P10 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P25 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
median 0.06 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.03 0.08 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.01
P75 0.21 ± 0.05 0.21 ± 0.14 0.24 ± 0.02 0.23 ± 0.02
P90 0.41 ± 0.10 0.41 ± 0.31 0.50 ± 0.06 0.48 ± 0.06
Petrol P10 0.41 ± 0.09 0.34 ± 0.09 0.41 ± 0.03 0.41 ± 0.03
P25 0.71 ± 0.08 0.53 ± 0.10 0.68 ± 0.04 0.68 ± 0.04
median 1.13 ± 0.12 0.87 ± 0.17 1.21 ± 0.08 1.17 ± 0.07
P75 1.85 ± 0.13 1.51 ± 0.23 1.99 ± 0.08 1.93 ± 0.08
P90 2.79 ± 0.49 2.16 ± 0.45 2.94 ± 0.19 2.91 ± 0.19
Diesel P10 S S 0.48 ± 0.15 0.53 ± 0.12
P25 0.87 ± 0.26 S 0.82 ± 0.20 0.82 ± 0.16
median 1.43 ± 0.53 S 1.43 ± 0.39 1.42 ± 0.34
P75 2.06 ± 0.72 S 2.43 ± 0.38 2.35 ± 0.35
P90 S S 3.08 ± 0.46 3.08 ± 0.59
Food P10 0.04 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
P25 0.09 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01
median 0.15 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.01
P75 0.23 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.01 0.23 ± 0.01
P90 0.32 ± 0.04 0.32 ± 0.06 0.34 ± 0.02 0.33 ± 0.02
Fuel P10 0.48 ± 0.06 0.41 ± 0.09 0.41 ± 0.04 0.43 ± 0.04
P25 0.88 ± 0.12 0.72 ± 0.14 0.75 ± 0.05 0.76 ± 0.04
median 1.59 ± 0.12 1.18 ± 0.17 1.37 ± 0.06 1.41 ± 0.06
P75 2.64 ± 0.29 2.06 ± 0.30 2.37 ± 0.11 2.40 ± 0.10
P90 3.92 ± 0.27 3.25 ± 0.61 3.68 ± 0.19 3.75 ± 0.19
Fuel and food P10 0.46 ± 0.09 0.38 ± 0.10 0.44 ± 0.04 0.44 ± 0.04
P25 0.91 ± 0.10 0.75 ± 0.13 0.82 ± 0.04 0.83 ± 0.04
median 1.70 ± 0.12 1.27 ± 0.19 1.47 ± 0.07 1.51 ± 0.07
P75 2.77 ± 0.26 2.23 ± 0.33 2.50 ± 0.10 2.54 ± 0.10
P90 4.17 ± 0.34 3.66 ± 0.73 3.87 ± 0.18 3.94 ± 0.19
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

Changes in expenditure (lower bound electricity price)

Summary statistics based on group populations

By HEDI

Carbon price: $ 45
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile ($)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity mean 26 ± 2 28 ± 2 30 ± 2 30 ± 2 33 ± 2 29 ± 1
P10 0 ± 4 0 ± 2 0 ± 2 0 ± 5 0 ± 2 0 ± 1
P25 14 ± 2 15 ± 2 16 ± 2 16 ± 3 18 ± 3 16 ± 1
median 23 ± 2 26 ± 2 27 ± 3 27 ± 2 30 ± 3 27 ± 1
P75 35 ± 3 38 ± 3 41 ± 3 43 ± 3 45 ± 2 40 ± 2
P90 47 ± 5 51 ± 6 54 ± 4 58 ± 5 63 ± 6 54 ± 2
Gas mean 3 ± 1 4 ± 1 5 ± 1 5 ± 1 9 ± 2 5 ± 1
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 1 0 ± 0
P75 1 ± 1 1 ± 1 2 ± 1 4 ± 2 11 ± 6 3 ± 1
P90 12 ± 3 17 ± 7 19 ± 4 21 ± 4 31 ± 5 21 ± 2
Petrol mean 40 ± 6 56 ± 6 71 ± 7 78 ± 9 74 ± 9 64 ± 4
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 38 ± 12 51 ± 9 51 ± 11 50 ± 27 33 ± 10
P75 61 ± 9 90 ± 12 115 ± 9 126 ± 11 127 ± 10 103 ± 5
P90 119 ± 12 141 ± 14 189 ± 21 209 ± 24 205 ± 24 176 ± 12
Diesel mean 5 ± 3 6 ± 3 6 ± 4 10 ± 4 10 ± 4 7 ± 2
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P90 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
Food mean 8 ± 1 11 ± 1 14 ± 1 16 ± 1 19 ± 2 14 ± 1
P10 1 ± 1 2 ± 1 3 ± 1 4 ± 1 5 ± 2 2 ± 1
P25 3 ± 1 5 ± 1 6 ± 1 8 ± 1 10 ± 1 6 ± 1
median 6 ± 1 9 ± 1 12 ± 1 15 ± 2 16 ± 1 11 ± 1
P75 11 ± 2 16 ± 2 19 ± 2 22 ± 2 25 ± 1 19 ± 1
P90 18 ± 2 24 ± 3 26 ± 2 31 ± 4 34 ± 3 27 ± 1
Fuel mean 73 ± 7 94 ± 8 111 ± 8 123 ± 9 127 ± 11 106 ± 5
P10 11 ± 3 16 ± 3 18 ± 3 16 ± 5 17 ± 6 15 ± 2
P25 22 ± 3 33 ± 5 36 ± 5 39 ± 5 41 ± 6 31 ± 2
median 41 ± 5 74 ± 7 85 ± 9 97 ± 11 107 ± 15 78 ± 5
P75 99 ± 13 126 ± 11 159 ± 14 177 ± 14 191 ± 23 151 ± 6
P90 166 ± 22 200 ± 21 238 ± 17 263 ± 22 273 ± 28 238 ± 10
Fuel and food mean 81 ± 7 105 ± 8 124 ± 8 139 ± 9 146 ± 11 119 ± 5
P10 15 ± 2 24 ± 5 25 ± 5 25 ± 6 29 ± 5 21 ± 2
P25 27 ± 3 41 ± 5 46 ± 5 53 ± 6 57 ± 7 42 ± 3
median 50 ± 5 85 ± 7 99 ± 10 111 ± 12 127 ± 16 90 ± 4
P75 108 ± 12 140 ± 11 173 ± 16 196 ± 15 210 ± 16 167 ± 6
P90 185 ± 27 214 ± 20 255 ± 18 287 ± 23 294 ± 24 258 ± 12
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 89.9
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile ($)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity mean 82 ± 5 90 ± 6 95 ± 6 98 ± 6 107 ± 7 94 ± 3
P10 0 ± 11 0 ± 6 0 ± 7 0 ± 14 0 ± 5 0 ± 1
P25 45 ± 4 49 ± 5 52 ± 6 50 ± 7 58 ± 9 50 ± 3
median 75 ± 5 85 ± 6 88 ± 7 88 ± 6 97 ± 8 87 ± 2
P75 111 ± 7 122 ± 8 132 ± 8 139 ± 10 145 ± 7 128 ± 4
P90 151 ± 14 164 ± 18 174 ± 11 188 ± 15 203 ± 18 174 ± 4
Gas mean 11 ± 2 14 ± 3 15 ± 3 17 ± 3 31 ± 6 17 ± 2
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 3 0 ± 0
P75 3 ± 2 5 ± 3 8 ± 3 12 ± 4 35 ± 18 9 ± 2
P90 37 ± 9 56 ± 21 62 ± 11 69 ± 12 100 ± 15 67 ± 6
Petrol mean 129 ± 19 179 ± 19 227 ± 21 251 ± 27 239 ± 28 205 ± 12
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 124 ± 38 164 ± 29 165 ± 33 161 ± 85 107 ± 30
P75 197 ± 27 289 ± 39 372 ± 29 405 ± 35 409 ± 32 333 ± 14
P90 384 ± 37 453 ± 45 609 ± 67 672 ± 77 659 ± 75 568 ± 38
Diesel mean 15 ± 7 20 ± 10 19 ± 11 32 ± 12 33 ± 12 24 ± 4
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P90 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
Food mean 26 ± 3 37 ± 3 43 ± 3 52 ± 3 61 ± 5 44 ± 2
P10 2 ± 2 6 ± 2 10 ± 2 13 ± 3 17 ± 4 7 ± 1
P25 9 ± 2 15 ± 2 19 ± 3 26 ± 3 32 ± 2 18 ± 1
median 19 ± 3 30 ± 3 38 ± 4 47 ± 4 53 ± 3 36 ± 2
P75 36 ± 4 51 ± 5 60 ± 5 70 ± 6 81 ± 3 61 ± 2
P90 56 ± 7 76 ± 7 82 ± 5 100 ± 11 108 ± 10 87 ± 4
Fuel mean 236 ± 22 303 ± 23 357 ± 25 397 ± 27 409 ± 34 341 ± 14
P10 36 ± 9 51 ± 8 58 ± 10 52 ± 15 56 ± 19 49 ± 5
P25 70 ± 10 107 ± 15 116 ± 15 126 ± 14 131 ± 18 101 ± 6
median 133 ± 16 240 ± 22 273 ± 28 312 ± 35 345 ± 48 250 ± 15
P75 320 ± 39 405 ± 34 513 ± 43 571 ± 46 616 ± 73 486 ± 18
P90 534 ± 71 645 ± 66 768 ± 55 848 ± 71 879 ± 88 768 ± 33
Fuel and food mean 262 ± 23 339 ± 24 401 ± 26 449 ± 29 471 ± 35 384 ± 14
P10 50 ± 6 78 ± 15 81 ± 16 82 ± 19 92 ± 16 69 ± 5
P25 87 ± 9 134 ± 15 149 ± 15 170 ± 18 185 ± 20 134 ± 8
median 162 ± 15 275 ± 21 320 ± 31 357 ± 38 410 ± 52 291 ± 13
P75 349 ± 37 451 ± 34 558 ± 49 632 ± 46 676 ± 51 539 ± 19
P90 595 ± 87 688 ± 62 822 ± 56 924 ± 73 946 ± 78 831 ± 38
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 134.9
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile ($)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity mean 139 ± 8 152 ± 9 161 ± 10 165 ± 9 180 ± 11 159 ± 5
P10 0 ± 18 0 ± 10 0 ± 11 0 ± 23 0 ± 8 0 ± 2
P25 75 ± 7 83 ± 8 88 ± 9 85 ± 12 98 ± 15 85 ± 5
median 127 ± 8 143 ± 10 149 ± 12 149 ± 9 164 ± 14 147 ± 4
P75 188 ± 12 206 ± 13 223 ± 13 235 ± 16 245 ± 11 216 ± 7
P90 256 ± 23 277 ± 30 294 ± 18 318 ± 26 343 ± 31 294 ± 6
Gas mean 18 ± 4 23 ± 5 26 ± 5 28 ± 5 52 ± 9 29 ± 3
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 4 0 ± 0
P75 5 ± 4 8 ± 4 13 ± 4 21 ± 7 59 ± 29 16 ± 3
P90 63 ± 15 94 ± 35 105 ± 18 117 ± 20 170 ± 24 113 ± 9
Petrol mean 217 ± 32 303 ± 31 384 ± 35 424 ± 45 404 ± 47 346 ± 20
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 210 ± 64 277 ± 49 279 ± 55 272 ± 143 180 ± 51
P75 333 ± 45 489 ± 65 629 ± 49 685 ± 59 691 ± 54 562 ± 23
P90 649 ± 62 765 ± 76 1,028 ± 112 1,135 ± 130 1,114 ± 127 960 ± 64
Diesel mean 25 ± 12 33 ± 16 33 ± 18 55 ± 20 56 ± 20 40 ± 7
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P90 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
Food mean 44 ± 4 62 ± 5 74 ± 6 88 ± 6 104 ± 8 74 ± 3
P10 3 ± 2 11 ± 2 17 ± 3 22 ± 4 28 ± 7 12 ± 2
P25 15 ± 3 25 ± 3 33 ± 5 44 ± 5 54 ± 4 31 ± 2
median 33 ± 4 51 ± 5 64 ± 6 79 ± 6 89 ± 5 62 ± 3
P75 61 ± 7 86 ± 8 102 ± 8 118 ± 9 137 ± 5 103 ± 3
P90 95 ± 11 129 ± 11 139 ± 8 169 ± 19 183 ± 16 147 ± 6
Fuel mean 399 ± 36 511 ± 39 604 ± 42 671 ± 46 692 ± 57 575 ± 23
P10 60 ± 15 85 ± 12 98 ± 17 88 ± 26 95 ± 32 82 ± 8
P25 118 ± 16 180 ± 25 196 ± 25 213 ± 24 222 ± 31 170 ± 10
median 226 ± 26 406 ± 37 462 ± 46 527 ± 59 583 ± 80 422 ± 26
P75 541 ± 66 685 ± 58 867 ± 73 964 ± 77 1,040 ± 123 821 ± 30
P90 903 ± 119 1,091 ± 111 1,298 ± 93 1,434 ± 120 1,485 ± 149 1,297 ± 55
Fuel and food mean 443 ± 38 573 ± 41 677 ± 44 759 ± 48 795 ± 59 650 ± 23
P10 84 ± 10 132 ± 25 137 ± 26 138 ± 31 155 ± 27 117 ± 8
P25 147 ± 15 226 ± 26 252 ± 25 288 ± 31 312 ± 34 227 ± 13
median 273 ± 25 464 ± 35 541 ± 52 604 ± 64 693 ± 88 492 ± 21
P75 591 ± 62 763 ± 56 943 ± 83 1,068 ± 77 1,142 ± 86 911 ± 32
P90 1,005 ± 147 1,163 ± 105 1,389 ± 94 1,562 ± 123 1,599 ± 131 1,403 ± 63
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 179.8
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile ($)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity mean 196 ± 11 214 ± 13 226 ± 14 232 ± 13 254 ± 16 225 ± 7
P10 0 ± 24 0 ± 14 0 ± 15 0 ± 32 0 ± 12 0 ± 3
P25 106 ± 9 117 ± 11 124 ± 13 120 ± 16 138 ± 21 120 ± 7
median 179 ± 11 202 ± 14 210 ± 17 210 ± 13 231 ± 19 207 ± 5
P75 265 ± 17 290 ± 19 314 ± 19 331 ± 22 345 ± 15 304 ± 9
P90 360 ± 33 390 ± 42 414 ± 26 447 ± 36 483 ± 43 414 ± 9
Gas mean 25 ± 5 33 ± 7 36 ± 7 40 ± 7 73 ± 13 41 ± 4
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 5 0 ± 0
P75 7 ± 5 11 ± 6 19 ± 6 29 ± 9 83 ± 41 22 ± 4
P90 88 ± 21 133 ± 49 147 ± 25 164 ± 28 239 ± 34 160 ± 13
Petrol mean 306 ± 44 426 ± 44 541 ± 49 597 ± 63 569 ± 66 488 ± 27
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 295 ± 90 389 ± 68 393 ± 78 383 ± 201 254 ± 71
P75 469 ± 64 688 ± 91 885 ± 69 965 ± 83 973 ± 76 792 ± 32
P90 914 ± 87 1,078 ± 106 1,448 ± 158 1,599 ± 183 1,569 ± 178 1,352 ± 89
Diesel mean 35 ± 17 47 ± 22 46 ± 26 77 ± 28 79 ± 28 57 ± 10
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P90 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
Food mean 61 ± 5 87 ± 7 103 ± 8 124 ± 8 146 ± 11 104 ± 3
P10 5 ± 3 15 ± 3 24 ± 4 31 ± 5 40 ± 9 17 ± 2
P25 21 ± 3 35 ± 5 46 ± 7 62 ± 7 75 ± 5 43 ± 3
median 46 ± 5 72 ± 7 90 ± 8 112 ± 9 126 ± 6 87 ± 3
P75 86 ± 9 121 ± 12 143 ± 11 167 ± 13 192 ± 7 145 ± 4
P90 134 ± 16 182 ± 16 195 ± 11 238 ± 27 258 ± 22 208 ± 8
Fuel mean 562 ± 51 720 ± 54 850 ± 59 945 ± 64 974 ± 80 810 ± 31
P10 85 ± 21 120 ± 17 138 ± 23 124 ± 36 133 ± 45 116 ± 11
P25 166 ± 22 254 ± 35 276 ± 36 299 ± 34 312 ± 43 240 ± 13
median 318 ± 37 571 ± 52 650 ± 65 742 ± 82 821 ± 113 595 ± 36
P75 762 ± 93 964 ± 81 1,221 ± 102 1,358 ± 108 1,465 ± 173 1,156 ± 43
P90 1,271 ± 167 1,536 ± 156 1,827 ± 130 2,019 ± 168 2,091 ± 210 1,827 ± 77
Fuel and food mean 623 ± 53 807 ± 57 954 ± 61 1,069 ± 67 1,120 ± 82 915 ± 32
P10 118 ± 13 186 ± 35 193 ± 37 194 ± 43 219 ± 37 164 ± 11
P25 207 ± 22 318 ± 36 355 ± 35 405 ± 43 439 ± 47 319 ± 18
median 385 ± 34 654 ± 50 762 ± 73 850 ± 90 976 ± 123 693 ± 30
P75 832 ± 87 1,074 ± 79 1,328 ± 116 1,504 ± 109 1,608 ± 120 1,283 ± 45
P90 1,415 ± 207 1,637 ± 148 1,956 ± 132 2,199 ± 173 2,251 ± 184 1,976 ± 89
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 224.8
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile ($)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity mean 253 ± 14 276 ± 16 292 ± 17 299 ± 16 328 ± 20 290 ± 8
P10 0 ± 31 0 ± 19 0 ± 19 0 ± 41 0 ± 15 0 ± 3
P25 137 ± 12 151 ± 14 160 ± 16 155 ± 21 178 ± 27 155 ± 9
median 232 ± 14 261 ± 18 271 ± 21 271 ± 17 297 ± 25 267 ± 6
P75 342 ± 22 374 ± 24 405 ± 24 427 ± 28 445 ± 19 392 ± 12
P90 464 ± 42 503 ± 54 534 ± 33 577 ± 46 623 ± 55 534 ± 11
Gas mean 32 ± 6 43 ± 9 47 ± 9 51 ± 9 94 ± 17 53 ± 5
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 7 0 ± 0
P75 10 ± 6 15 ± 8 24 ± 7 38 ± 12 108 ± 53 29 ± 5
P90 114 ± 27 171 ± 63 190 ± 33 212 ± 36 308 ± 44 206 ± 17
Petrol mean 395 ± 57 550 ± 57 698 ± 63 770 ± 81 733 ± 85 629 ± 35
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 381 ± 116 502 ± 88 507 ± 100 493 ± 259 328 ± 92
P75 605 ± 82 888 ± 117 1,142 ± 88 1,244 ± 107 1,255 ± 98 1,021 ± 41
P90 1,178 ± 112 1,390 ± 137 1,867 ± 204 2,062 ± 236 2,024 ± 230 1,744 ± 115
Diesel mean 45 ± 21 60 ± 29 60 ± 33 99 ± 36 102 ± 36 73 ± 13
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P90 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
Food mean 79 ± 7 113 ± 8 133 ± 10 160 ± 10 188 ± 14 135 ± 4
P10 6 ± 4 20 ± 4 31 ± 6 40 ± 7 52 ± 11 22 ± 3
P25 27 ± 4 46 ± 6 60 ± 9 80 ± 9 97 ± 6 56 ± 3
median 60 ± 7 93 ± 8 116 ± 10 144 ± 11 162 ± 8 112 ± 4
P75 112 ± 12 156 ± 15 185 ± 15 215 ± 16 248 ± 10 187 ± 5
P90 173 ± 20 235 ± 20 252 ± 14 307 ± 34 332 ± 28 268 ± 10
Fuel mean 725 ± 66 929 ± 70 1,097 ± 76 1,219 ± 83 1,257 ± 103 1,045 ± 40
P10 110 ± 26 155 ± 22 178 ± 30 160 ± 46 172 ± 58 150 ± 14
P25 214 ± 29 328 ± 46 356 ± 46 386 ± 43 402 ± 56 310 ± 17
median 410 ± 47 737 ± 66 839 ± 84 958 ± 106 1,059 ± 145 767 ± 46
P75 982 ± 120 1,244 ± 105 1,574 ± 131 1,751 ± 139 1,890 ± 223 1,491 ± 55
P90 1,640 ± 216 1,981 ± 201 2,357 ± 168 2,604 ± 217 2,697 ± 270 2,356 ± 99
Fuel and food mean 804 ± 68 1,041 ± 73 1,230 ± 79 1,379 ± 87 1,445 ± 106 1,180 ± 41
P10 152 ± 17 240 ± 45 249 ± 47 250 ± 56 282 ± 48 212 ± 14
P25 267 ± 28 410 ± 46 457 ± 46 523 ± 56 567 ± 61 412 ± 22
median 497 ± 44 844 ± 64 983 ± 95 1,097 ± 116 1,259 ± 159 894 ± 39
P75 1,073 ± 113 1,385 ± 102 1,713 ± 149 1,940 ± 140 2,074 ± 155 1,655 ± 58
P90 1,825 ± 267 2,112 ± 190 2,523 ± 170 2,837 ± 223 2,903 ± 237 2,549 ± 114
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

By Ethnicity

Carbon price: $ 45
Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure by Ethnicity ($)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity mean 32 ± 2 30 ± 3 28 ± 1 29 ± 1
P10 0 ± 3 0 ± 2 0 ± 1 0 ± 1
P25 18 ± 3 15 ± 4 15 ± 1 16 ± 1
median 30 ± 3 29 ± 4 26 ± 2 27 ± 1
P75 43 ± 3 39 ± 4 39 ± 2 40 ± 2
P90 59 ± 5 63 ± 12 54 ± 1 54 ± 2
Gas mean 5 ± 1 3 ± 2 6 ± 1 5 ± 1
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 2 ± 1 1 ± 1 3 ± 1 3 ± 1
P90 15 ± 6 6 ± 8 22 ± 2 21 ± 2
Petrol mean 70 ± 7 60 ± 10 62 ± 4 64 ± 4
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 51 ± 15 39 ± 20 26 ± 11 33 ± 10
P75 115 ± 14 92 ± 22 103 ± 4 103 ± 5
P90 180 ± 23 161 ± 22 176 ± 13 176 ± 12
Diesel mean 10 ± 4 4 ± 4 7 ± 2 7 ± 2
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P90 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
Food mean 14 ± 1 14 ± 2 14 ± 1 14 ± 1
P10 2 ± 1 1 ± 2 3 ± 1 2 ± 1
P25 5 ± 1 5 ± 2 6 ± 1 6 ± 1
median 12 ± 2 12 ± 3 11 ± 1 11 ± 1
P75 20 ± 2 21 ± 3 19 ± 1 19 ± 1
P90 29 ± 2 29 ± 3 27 ± 1 27 ± 1
Fuel mean 116 ± 10 98 ± 12 103 ± 5 106 ± 5
P10 18 ± 6 13 ± 7 14 ± 2 15 ± 2
P25 38 ± 6 32 ± 6 30 ± 2 31 ± 2
median 88 ± 9 77 ± 14 74 ± 6 78 ± 5
P75 157 ± 11 133 ± 21 149 ± 7 151 ± 6
P90 261 ± 21 219 ± 38 235 ± 10 238 ± 10
Fuel and food mean 130 ± 10 113 ± 13 117 ± 5 119 ± 5
P10 25 ± 5 22 ± 5 21 ± 2 21 ± 2
P25 46 ± 6 38 ± 7 41 ± 3 42 ± 3
median 101 ± 10 90 ± 12 88 ± 6 90 ± 4
P75 178 ± 16 156 ± 25 166 ± 8 167 ± 6
P90 282 ± 23 242 ± 39 252 ± 11 258 ± 12
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 89.9
Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure by Ethnicity ($)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity mean 102 ± 6 98 ± 9 92 ± 3 94 ± 3
P10 0 ± 8 0 ± 5 0 ± 1 0 ± 1
P25 58 ± 9 50 ± 12 49 ± 3 50 ± 3
median 96 ± 7 93 ± 11 83 ± 4 87 ± 2
P75 139 ± 10 126 ± 13 126 ± 4 128 ± 4
P90 189 ± 16 202 ± 37 174 ± 3 174 ± 4
Gas mean 15 ± 3 11 ± 5 18 ± 2 17 ± 2
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 6 ± 3 3 ± 3 10 ± 2 9 ± 2
P90 48 ± 17 19 ± 24 70 ± 6 67 ± 6
Petrol mean 224 ± 22 194 ± 31 201 ± 12 205 ± 12
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 165 ± 48 124 ± 62 83 ± 34 107 ± 30
P75 372 ± 44 295 ± 68 331 ± 13 333 ± 14
P90 579 ± 72 519 ± 71 568 ± 42 568 ± 38
Diesel mean 33 ± 13 14 ± 13 23 ± 5 24 ± 4
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P90 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
Food mean 44 ± 3 46 ± 5 44 ± 2 44 ± 2
P10 6 ± 2 3 ± 4 8 ± 1 7 ± 1
P25 17 ± 3 16 ± 6 18 ± 2 18 ± 1
median 37 ± 4 40 ± 7 36 ± 2 36 ± 2
P75 65 ± 6 68 ± 10 60 ± 2 61 ± 2
P90 94 ± 7 92 ± 9 86 ± 3 87 ± 4
Fuel mean 374 ± 31 317 ± 38 333 ± 14 341 ± 14
P10 58 ± 17 43 ± 22 46 ± 5 49 ± 5
P25 122 ± 18 102 ± 18 97 ± 6 101 ± 6
median 284 ± 29 249 ± 44 240 ± 19 250 ± 15
P75 507 ± 33 428 ± 66 480 ± 22 486 ± 18
P90 842 ± 68 706 ± 122 756 ± 31 768 ± 33
Fuel and food mean 419 ± 32 363 ± 40 377 ± 14 384 ± 14
P10 82 ± 14 70 ± 16 67 ± 4 69 ± 5
P25 149 ± 20 123 ± 22 131 ± 8 134 ± 8
median 325 ± 33 289 ± 38 283 ± 18 291 ± 13
P75 574 ± 51 503 ± 78 534 ± 24 539 ± 19
P90 907 ± 72 780 ± 123 811 ± 35 831 ± 38
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 134.9
Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure by Ethnicity ($)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity mean 173 ± 10 165 ± 15 155 ± 5 159 ± 5
P10 0 ± 13 0 ± 9 0 ± 1 0 ± 2
P25 98 ± 16 84 ± 20 82 ± 5 85 ± 5
median 163 ± 12 157 ± 19 141 ± 7 147 ± 4
P75 235 ± 16 213 ± 22 214 ± 7 216 ± 7
P90 319 ± 27 341 ± 62 293 ± 5 294 ± 6
Gas mean 25 ± 5 18 ± 8 31 ± 4 29 ± 3
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 10 ± 5 5 ± 5 18 ± 3 16 ± 3
P90 80 ± 28 32 ± 40 119 ± 10 113 ± 9
Petrol mean 379 ± 38 328 ± 51 339 ± 21 346 ± 20
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 279 ± 82 210 ± 105 140 ± 58 180 ± 51
P75 629 ± 74 499 ± 115 559 ± 22 562 ± 23
P90 978 ± 121 878 ± 119 960 ± 71 960 ± 64
Diesel mean 56 ± 21 24 ± 21 38 ± 8 40 ± 7
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P90 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
Food mean 75 ± 5 77 ± 8 74 ± 3 74 ± 3
P10 10 ± 2 6 ± 7 14 ± 2 12 ± 2
P25 28 ± 5 27 ± 11 31 ± 2 31 ± 2
median 63 ± 7 67 ± 12 61 ± 3 62 ± 3
P75 110 ± 9 115 ± 16 101 ± 3 103 ± 3
P90 158 ± 11 156 ± 15 145 ± 5 147 ± 6
Fuel mean 632 ± 52 536 ± 64 563 ± 23 575 ± 23
P10 98 ± 28 73 ± 37 78 ± 7 82 ± 8
P25 206 ± 30 172 ± 31 165 ± 9 170 ± 10
median 479 ± 49 420 ± 74 405 ± 32 422 ± 26
P75 857 ± 55 723 ± 110 811 ± 37 821 ± 30
P90 1,423 ± 114 1,193 ± 205 1,278 ± 52 1,297 ± 55
Fuel and food mean 707 ± 54 613 ± 67 637 ± 23 650 ± 23
P10 138 ± 24 118 ± 26 114 ± 7 117 ± 8
P25 252 ± 33 207 ± 37 222 ± 13 227 ± 13
median 549 ± 55 488 ± 64 479 ± 30 492 ± 21
P75 970 ± 86 850 ± 131 903 ± 40 911 ± 32
P90 1,533 ± 122 1,317 ± 208 1,370 ± 59 1,403 ± 63
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 179.8
Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure by Ethnicity ($)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity mean 243 ± 14 233 ± 21 218 ± 7 225 ± 7
P10 0 ± 18 0 ± 12 0 ± 1 0 ± 3
P25 138 ± 22 119 ± 29 116 ± 7 120 ± 7
median 229 ± 17 221 ± 27 198 ± 9 207 ± 5
P75 331 ± 23 300 ± 31 301 ± 10 304 ± 9
P90 450 ± 38 480 ± 88 413 ± 8 414 ± 9
Gas mean 35 ± 7 26 ± 11 44 ± 5 41 ± 4
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 15 ± 7 7 ± 7 25 ± 3 22 ± 4
P90 113 ± 40 46 ± 56 167 ± 14 160 ± 13
Petrol mean 533 ± 53 462 ± 72 477 ± 29 488 ± 27
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 393 ± 115 296 ± 148 197 ± 81 254 ± 71
P75 885 ± 104 703 ± 162 787 ± 31 792 ± 32
P90 1,377 ± 171 1,236 ± 168 1,352 ± 99 1,352 ± 89
Diesel mean 79 ± 29 33 ± 30 54 ± 11 57 ± 10
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P90 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
Food mean 105 ± 7 108 ± 12 104 ± 4 104 ± 3
P10 14 ± 3 8 ± 9 19 ± 3 17 ± 2
P25 40 ± 6 39 ± 15 44 ± 3 43 ± 3
median 88 ± 9 94 ± 16 86 ± 4 87 ± 3
P75 154 ± 13 161 ± 22 142 ± 4 145 ± 4
P90 223 ± 15 219 ± 21 204 ± 8 208 ± 8
Fuel mean 891 ± 73 754 ± 90 793 ± 32 810 ± 31
P10 138 ± 40 103 ± 52 110 ± 10 116 ± 11
P25 290 ± 42 242 ± 43 232 ± 13 240 ± 13
median 675 ± 69 591 ± 104 571 ± 44 595 ± 36
P75 1,207 ± 77 1,018 ± 155 1,142 ± 51 1,156 ± 43
P90 2,004 ± 160 1,680 ± 288 1,800 ± 73 1,827 ± 77
Fuel and food mean 996 ± 76 863 ± 94 897 ± 33 915 ± 32
P10 194 ± 33 166 ± 37 161 ± 10 164 ± 11
P25 355 ± 46 292 ± 52 312 ± 18 319 ± 18
median 773 ± 77 688 ± 90 674 ± 42 693 ± 30
P75 1,366 ± 121 1,198 ± 185 1,271 ± 56 1,283 ± 45
P90 2,159 ± 172 1,855 ± 292 1,929 ± 83 1,976 ± 89
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 224.8
Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure by Ethnicity ($)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity mean 314 ± 18 300 ± 27 282 ± 9 290 ± 8
P10 0 ± 24 0 ± 15 0 ± 1 0 ± 3
P25 178 ± 28 153 ± 37 150 ± 9 155 ± 9
median 295 ± 21 285 ± 34 255 ± 11 267 ± 6
P75 427 ± 29 387 ± 40 388 ± 12 392 ± 12
P90 580 ± 49 619 ± 113 533 ± 10 534 ± 11
Gas mean 45 ± 9 34 ± 14 56 ± 6 53 ± 5
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 19 ± 8 10 ± 9 32 ± 4 29 ± 5
P90 146 ± 51 59 ± 72 216 ± 18 206 ± 17
Petrol mean 688 ± 68 597 ± 93 616 ± 37 629 ± 35
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 507 ± 148 381 ± 190 254 ± 105 328 ± 92
P75 1,142 ± 134 907 ± 209 1,015 ± 40 1,021 ± 41
P90 1,776 ± 220 1,594 ± 216 1,744 ± 128 1,744 ± 115
Diesel mean 102 ± 38 43 ± 38 69 ± 14 73 ± 13
P10 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P25 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
median 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P75 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
P90 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0
Food mean 136 ± 9 140 ± 15 134 ± 5 135 ± 4
P10 17 ± 4 10 ± 12 25 ± 3 22 ± 3
P25 51 ± 8 50 ± 19 56 ± 4 56 ± 3
median 114 ± 12 122 ± 21 111 ± 6 112 ± 4
P75 199 ± 16 208 ± 29 184 ± 5 187 ± 5
P90 288 ± 19 283 ± 28 264 ± 10 268 ± 10
Fuel mean 1,149 ± 94 973 ± 116 1,023 ± 41 1,045 ± 40
P10 178 ± 51 133 ± 67 142 ± 13 150 ± 14
P25 374 ± 54 312 ± 56 299 ± 17 310 ± 17
median 871 ± 89 763 ± 134 736 ± 57 767 ± 46
P75 1,557 ± 100 1,313 ± 200 1,473 ± 66 1,491 ± 55
P90 2,585 ± 206 2,167 ± 372 2,321 ± 94 2,356 ± 99
Fuel and food mean 1,285 ± 97 1,113 ± 121 1,157 ± 42 1,180 ± 41
P10 250 ± 43 214 ± 47 207 ± 13 212 ± 14
P25 458 ± 60 377 ± 66 402 ± 22 412 ± 22
median 998 ± 99 887 ± 116 870 ± 55 894 ± 39
P75 1,762 ± 156 1,545 ± 238 1,640 ± 72 1,655 ± 58
P90 2,784 ± 221 2,393 ± 377 2,489 ± 106 2,549 ± 114
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

Summary statistics based on populations with non-zero expenditure

By HEDI

Carbon price: $ 45
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile ($)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity mean 29 ± 2 31 ± 2 33 ± 2 34 ± 2 38 ± 3 33 ± 1
P10 12 ± 2 12 ± 2 14 ± 2 14 ± 2 16 ± 2 13 ± 1
P25 17 ± 2 18 ± 2 20 ± 2 20 ± 2 23 ± 2 20 ± 1
median 26 ± 2 29 ± 2 31 ± 2 30 ± 2 33 ± 2 29 ± 2
P75 36 ± 2 40 ± 3 43 ± 3 45 ± 2 47 ± 3 43 ± 2
P90 50 ± 5 54 ± 4 55 ± 5 61 ± 5 64 ± 7 56 ± 3
Gas mean 12 ± 2 13 ± 3 13 ± 2 14 ± 4 20 ± 3 14 ± 2
P10 1 ± 1 1 ± 1 1 ± 1 1 ± 1 1 ± 1 1 ± 1
P25 2 ± 1 2 ± 1 2 ± 1 2 ± 1 3 ± 1 2 ± 1
median 6 ± 3 4 ± 2 5 ± 3 6 ± 3 12 ± 5 6 ± 1
P75 15 ± 4 21 ± 3 20 ± 4 24 ± 7 27 ± 5 22 ± 2
P90 33 ± 8 35 ± 6 33 ± 7 38 ± 10 46 ± 9 37 ± 3
Petrol mean 94 ± 11 96 ± 8 122 ± 10 134 ± 11 135 ± 11 117 ± 5
P10 31 ± 9 35 ± 9 38 ± 12 45 ± 12 51 ± 8 38 ± 2
P25 50 ± 5 51 ± 2 62 ± 7 64 ± 9 77 ± 11 58 ± 6
median 68 ± 9 77 ± 9 103 ± 9 112 ± 9 122 ± 11 100 ± 6
P75 115 ± 10 121 ± 11 161 ± 15 176 ± 18 180 ± 20 152 ± 11
P90 165 ± 48 175 ± 35 231 ± 29 261 ± 35 240 ± 20 226 ± 11
Diesel mean 110 ± 29 139 ± 31 170 ± 36 160 ± 25 159 ± 31 147 ± 12
P10 S S S S S 65 ± 24
P25 75 ± 43 86 ± 31 134 ± 61 108 ± 28 110 ± 33 86 ± 13
median 94 ± 35 121 ± 53 173 ± 45 167 ± 55 134 ± 17 136 ± 18
P75 171 ± 77 188 ± 45 237 ± 51 196 ± 22 173 ± 46 193 ± 16
P90 S S S S S 237 ± 17
Food mean 9 ± 1 12 ± 1 14 ± 1 17 ± 1 19 ± 2 14 ± 1
P10 2 ± 1 2 ± 1 4 ± 1 5 ± 1 6 ± 2 3 ± 1
P25 4 ± 1 5 ± 1 7 ± 1 8 ± 1 10 ± 1 6 ± 1
median 7 ± 1 10 ± 1 12 ± 1 15 ± 1 17 ± 1 12 ± 1
P75 12 ± 2 16 ± 2 19 ± 2 22 ± 2 25 ± 1 19 ± 1
P90 19 ± 2 24 ± 2 26 ± 2 31 ± 4 34 ± 3 28 ± 2
Fuel mean 78 ± 7 97 ± 8 115 ± 8 130 ± 9 133 ± 11 111 ± 5
P10 15 ± 2 20 ± 3 22 ± 2 24 ± 4 23 ± 4 20 ± 2
P25 25 ± 3 36 ± 4 40 ± 5 46 ± 6 45 ± 5 36 ± 2
median 47 ± 7 77 ± 7 90 ± 9 101 ± 9 119 ± 18 83 ± 5
P75 104 ± 13 128 ± 13 160 ± 12 184 ± 14 193 ± 20 156 ± 7
P90 177 ± 28 200 ± 23 242 ± 19 268 ± 25 276 ± 27 242 ± 11
Fuel and food mean 82 ± 7 105 ± 8 125 ± 8 140 ± 9 146 ± 11 120 ± 5
P10 16 ± 2 25 ± 5 25 ± 5 26 ± 6 29 ± 5 22 ± 2
P25 28 ± 3 42 ± 5 46 ± 5 53 ± 6 58 ± 6 42 ± 3
median 50 ± 5 85 ± 7 100 ± 10 112 ± 13 128 ± 16 91 ± 4
P75 110 ± 12 140 ± 11 173 ± 15 196 ± 15 210 ± 16 168 ± 6
P90 186 ± 27 214 ± 20 255 ± 18 287 ± 23 294 ± 24 258 ± 12
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 89.9
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile ($)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity mean 93 ± 5 101 ± 5 108 ± 6 111 ± 5 122 ± 7 107 ± 3
P10 38 ± 4 39 ± 5 46 ± 5 45 ± 6 50 ± 5 42 ± 3
P25 54 ± 5 58 ± 4 64 ± 6 66 ± 5 73 ± 5 63 ± 3
median 84 ± 5 93 ± 7 99 ± 6 98 ± 7 107 ± 6 94 ± 4
P75 116 ± 5 128 ± 8 139 ± 9 145 ± 7 151 ± 10 137 ± 5
P90 162 ± 16 174 ± 13 179 ± 15 197 ± 15 206 ± 20 180 ± 8
Gas mean 37 ± 6 43 ± 7 42 ± 7 45 ± 11 63 ± 10 46 ± 4
P10 3 ± 1 3 ± 1 3 ± 1 4 ± 1 4 ± 1 4 ± 1
P25 6 ± 3 6 ± 3 5 ± 2 7 ± 1 8 ± 3 6 ± 1
median 19 ± 7 13 ± 6 15 ± 7 21 ± 9 37 ± 15 19 ± 3
P75 48 ± 13 67 ± 9 64 ± 10 77 ± 21 88 ± 14 69 ± 5
P90 106 ± 24 113 ± 19 107 ± 23 122 ± 31 149 ± 27 120 ± 9
Petrol mean 304 ± 36 308 ± 25 393 ± 30 432 ± 34 435 ± 35 378 ± 15
P10 99 ± 29 114 ± 29 124 ± 38 145 ± 36 165 ± 23 124 ± 6
P25 161 ± 16 165 ± 4 201 ± 22 207 ± 27 248 ± 35 186 ± 17
median 218 ± 29 248 ± 29 331 ± 29 361 ± 29 394 ± 35 322 ± 18
P75 372 ± 32 391 ± 33 519 ± 47 566 ± 57 580 ± 63 491 ± 33
P90 533 ± 154 564 ± 112 743 ± 94 841 ± 111 774 ± 64 730 ± 35
Diesel mean 353 ± 93 446 ± 97 547 ± 116 514 ± 78 512 ± 99 473 ± 38
P10 S S S S S 209 ± 77
P25 242 ± 137 278 ± 98 432 ± 194 348 ± 91 354 ± 104 278 ± 42
median 302 ± 113 390 ± 170 556 ± 143 539 ± 177 432 ± 55 438 ± 58
P75 552 ± 246 604 ± 145 765 ± 164 633 ± 69 556 ± 148 623 ± 49
P90 S S S S S 765 ± 55
Food mean 28 ± 3 38 ± 3 45 ± 3 53 ± 4 62 ± 5 45 ± 2
P10 6 ± 2 8 ± 2 12 ± 2 15 ± 3 20 ± 4 10 ± 1
P25 11 ± 2 16 ± 2 21 ± 3 27 ± 3 32 ± 2 20 ± 2
median 22 ± 2 31 ± 3 38 ± 4 47 ± 4 53 ± 3 38 ± 2
P75 38 ± 4 52 ± 6 61 ± 5 71 ± 6 81 ± 3 62 ± 2
P90 60 ± 6 77 ± 7 82 ± 6 101 ± 12 109 ± 10 89 ± 4
Fuel mean 251 ± 23 314 ± 24 370 ± 25 417 ± 29 428 ± 34 356 ± 14
P10 47 ± 4 63 ± 10 70 ± 7 77 ± 10 75 ± 11 63 ± 5
P25 81 ± 9 116 ± 12 128 ± 15 147 ± 17 146 ± 16 116 ± 5
median 151 ± 22 249 ± 22 291 ± 28 327 ± 27 383 ± 56 267 ± 15
P75 334 ± 41 413 ± 40 515 ± 39 594 ± 45 622 ± 62 501 ± 22
P90 570 ± 88 646 ± 71 780 ± 62 865 ± 78 889 ± 86 780 ± 35
Fuel and food mean 264 ± 23 340 ± 24 402 ± 26 450 ± 29 472 ± 35 386 ± 14
P10 52 ± 5 79 ± 15 82 ± 16 83 ± 18 93 ± 16 70 ± 5
P25 89 ± 9 134 ± 15 149 ± 15 170 ± 18 186 ± 20 136 ± 8
median 162 ± 16 275 ± 21 321 ± 31 360 ± 40 411 ± 52 292 ± 12
P75 353 ± 37 451 ± 33 558 ± 49 633 ± 46 676 ± 50 540 ± 19
P90 598 ± 87 688 ± 63 822 ± 56 924 ± 73 946 ± 77 831 ± 38
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 134.9
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile ($)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity mean 157 ± 8 171 ± 9 182 ± 9 187 ± 9 206 ± 11 180 ± 4
P10 65 ± 6 66 ± 8 78 ± 7 75 ± 9 85 ± 7 72 ± 5
P25 92 ± 7 98 ± 7 108 ± 11 112 ± 8 124 ± 8 106 ± 5
median 141 ± 9 157 ± 11 167 ± 11 166 ± 11 181 ± 10 159 ± 6
P75 196 ± 7 217 ± 13 235 ± 16 245 ± 11 255 ± 16 232 ± 8
P90 275 ± 26 294 ± 22 302 ± 26 333 ± 25 347 ± 34 304 ± 14
Gas mean 63 ± 9 72 ± 12 70 ± 11 76 ± 18 107 ± 17 78 ± 6
P10 5 ± 1 5 ± 1 5 ± 1 6 ± 1 6 ± 1 6 ± 1
P25 10 ± 4 10 ± 5 9 ± 3 12 ± 2 14 ± 5 10 ± 2
median 31 ± 12 22 ± 9 26 ± 12 35 ± 15 63 ± 26 32 ± 5
P75 80 ± 22 113 ± 15 109 ± 17 129 ± 35 149 ± 24 117 ± 8
P90 178 ± 41 191 ± 32 181 ± 38 206 ± 53 251 ± 46 202 ± 16
Petrol mean 514 ± 60 521 ± 41 664 ± 50 730 ± 57 736 ± 59 638 ± 26
P10 168 ± 49 192 ± 49 210 ± 65 244 ± 61 279 ± 39 210 ± 9
P25 272 ± 26 279 ± 6 339 ± 37 349 ± 46 419 ± 58 314 ± 29
median 368 ± 48 419 ± 48 559 ± 49 610 ± 48 666 ± 59 545 ± 30
P75 629 ± 53 660 ± 55 878 ± 80 956 ± 96 981 ± 107 830 ± 55
P90 900 ± 259 953 ± 189 1,256 ± 158 1,421 ± 187 1,308 ± 107 1,233 ± 59
Diesel mean 597 ± 157 754 ± 164 924 ± 196 869 ± 132 864 ± 167 800 ± 65
P10 S S S S S 352 ± 129
P25 410 ± 232 470 ± 165 730 ± 327 587 ± 153 597 ± 175 470 ± 71
median 511 ± 190 660 ± 286 940 ± 241 911 ± 299 730 ± 93 740 ± 97
P75 933 ± 415 1,021 ± 245 1,292 ± 277 1,069 ± 117 940 ± 250 1,053 ± 82
P90 S S S S S 1,292 ± 92
Food mean 47 ± 4 64 ± 5 75 ± 6 90 ± 6 105 ± 8 77 ± 3
P10 10 ± 2 13 ± 3 20 ± 3 26 ± 5 33 ± 7 16 ± 2
P25 19 ± 2 28 ± 3 36 ± 4 45 ± 5 55 ± 4 33 ± 2
median 37 ± 3 53 ± 5 65 ± 6 80 ± 6 90 ± 5 64 ± 2
P75 65 ± 7 89 ± 10 103 ± 8 121 ± 9 137 ± 5 105 ± 4
P90 101 ± 10 130 ± 11 139 ± 9 171 ± 20 183 ± 16 150 ± 6
Fuel mean 424 ± 38 531 ± 40 625 ± 42 705 ± 49 723 ± 57 602 ± 23
P10 79 ± 6 107 ± 16 118 ± 11 129 ± 17 127 ± 19 107 ± 7
P25 137 ± 14 196 ± 20 216 ± 24 248 ± 28 247 ± 27 196 ± 8
median 255 ± 37 420 ± 37 492 ± 48 552 ± 45 648 ± 95 451 ± 24
P75 564 ± 69 698 ± 68 870 ± 65 1,004 ± 75 1,051 ± 104 847 ± 36
P90 963 ± 148 1,091 ± 120 1,318 ± 104 1,462 ± 132 1,502 ± 146 1,318 ± 58
Fuel and food mean 447 ± 38 574 ± 41 679 ± 44 761 ± 48 797 ± 59 652 ± 23
P10 88 ± 9 134 ± 25 138 ± 27 140 ± 31 157 ± 27 119 ± 8
P25 150 ± 15 226 ± 25 252 ± 25 288 ± 30 314 ± 33 230 ± 13
median 275 ± 26 464 ± 36 542 ± 52 609 ± 67 695 ± 87 493 ± 21
P75 597 ± 63 763 ± 56 943 ± 82 1,069 ± 78 1,142 ± 85 913 ± 32
P90 1,010 ± 147 1,163 ± 106 1,389 ± 94 1,562 ± 124 1,599 ± 130 1,405 ± 64
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 179.8
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile ($)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity mean 221 ± 11 241 ± 12 257 ± 13 263 ± 12 290 ± 16 254 ± 6
P10 91 ± 9 94 ± 11 110 ± 10 106 ± 13 120 ± 10 101 ± 6
P25 129 ± 10 138 ± 9 152 ± 15 157 ± 11 174 ± 11 150 ± 7
median 199 ± 12 221 ± 15 235 ± 15 234 ± 15 255 ± 14 224 ± 8
P75 276 ± 10 305 ± 18 331 ± 22 345 ± 16 359 ± 23 327 ± 10
P90 387 ± 37 414 ± 30 425 ± 36 469 ± 35 489 ± 47 428 ± 19
Gas mean 89 ± 13 101 ± 17 99 ± 15 106 ± 25 150 ± 23 110 ± 9
P10 7 ± 1 7 ± 1 7 ± 2 8 ± 1 9 ± 1 8 ± 1
P25 15 ± 5 15 ± 6 12 ± 5 17 ± 3 20 ± 7 15 ± 3
median 44 ± 17 31 ± 12 37 ± 17 49 ± 20 88 ± 36 45 ± 7
P75 113 ± 31 160 ± 21 153 ± 24 182 ± 49 210 ± 33 165 ± 11
P90 251 ± 57 269 ± 45 254 ± 54 290 ± 74 354 ± 65 285 ± 22
Petrol mean 724 ± 84 733 ± 58 935 ± 71 1,028 ± 80 1,036 ± 83 899 ± 36
P10 236 ± 69 270 ± 69 295 ± 91 344 ± 85 393 ± 55 295 ± 12
P25 383 ± 37 393 ± 9 478 ± 53 492 ± 64 590 ± 82 443 ± 41
median 518 ± 67 590 ± 68 787 ± 69 859 ± 68 937 ± 83 767 ± 42
P75 885 ± 75 929 ± 78 1,236 ± 112 1,346 ± 134 1,381 ± 150 1,168 ± 78
P90 1,268 ± 365 1,342 ± 266 1,768 ± 222 2,001 ± 264 1,842 ± 151 1,736 ± 83
Diesel mean 841 ± 221 1,062 ± 231 1,301 ± 276 1,224 ± 185 1,217 ± 235 1,126 ± 91
P10 S S S S S 496 ± 182
P25 577 ± 326 662 ± 232 1,028 ± 461 827 ± 215 841 ± 246 662 ± 99
median 719 ± 267 929 ± 403 1,323 ± 339 1,283 ± 421 1,027 ± 130 1,042 ± 137
P75 1,314 ± 584 1,438 ± 344 1,819 ± 390 1,505 ± 164 1,323 ± 351 1,483 ± 116
P90 S S S S S 1,819 ± 129
Food mean 67 ± 5 90 ± 6 106 ± 8 127 ± 8 148 ± 11 108 ± 4
P10 14 ± 3 18 ± 4 28 ± 4 37 ± 7 47 ± 9 23 ± 2
P25 27 ± 3 39 ± 4 50 ± 6 64 ± 6 77 ± 5 47 ± 3
median 51 ± 4 75 ± 7 92 ± 8 113 ± 8 127 ± 7 90 ± 3
P75 91 ± 9 125 ± 13 145 ± 11 170 ± 13 193 ± 7 148 ± 5
P90 142 ± 13 183 ± 15 195 ± 13 240 ± 28 258 ± 23 211 ± 9
Fuel mean 597 ± 54 747 ± 56 880 ± 58 993 ± 69 1,018 ± 80 847 ± 32
P10 112 ± 9 150 ± 22 166 ± 15 182 ± 24 179 ± 26 150 ± 10
P25 193 ± 20 276 ± 29 304 ± 34 349 ± 40 348 ± 38 276 ± 11
median 359 ± 52 591 ± 52 693 ± 67 777 ± 63 912 ± 134 635 ± 34
P75 795 ± 96 983 ± 95 1,225 ± 92 1,413 ± 106 1,479 ± 146 1,193 ± 51
P90 1,356 ± 208 1,536 ± 169 1,856 ± 146 2,058 ± 185 2,115 ± 205 1,856 ± 82
Fuel and food mean 629 ± 53 808 ± 57 956 ± 62 1,071 ± 67 1,122 ± 83 918 ± 32
P10 123 ± 12 189 ± 35 195 ± 38 197 ± 43 221 ± 38 167 ± 11
P25 212 ± 21 319 ± 36 355 ± 35 405 ± 42 442 ± 46 324 ± 18
median 387 ± 36 654 ± 50 763 ± 72 857 ± 94 978 ± 122 694 ± 29
P75 840 ± 88 1,074 ± 79 1,328 ± 115 1,505 ± 109 1,608 ± 119 1,285 ± 45
P90 1,423 ± 206 1,637 ± 149 1,956 ± 131 2,199 ± 174 2,251 ± 183 1,978 ± 89
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 224.8
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile ($)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity mean 285 ± 13 310 ± 16 331 ± 17 340 ± 15 374 ± 20 328 ± 7
P10 118 ± 11 121 ± 14 142 ± 13 137 ± 17 154 ± 13 130 ± 8
P25 167 ± 13 178 ± 12 196 ± 19 203 ± 14 224 ± 15 193 ± 8
median 256 ± 15 285 ± 19 303 ± 19 301 ± 19 329 ± 18 289 ± 11
P75 356 ± 13 394 ± 23 427 ± 28 445 ± 20 463 ± 29 421 ± 13
P90 499 ± 47 534 ± 39 548 ± 46 605 ± 45 631 ± 61 552 ± 24
Gas mean 115 ± 17 131 ± 21 128 ± 19 137 ± 32 193 ± 30 142 ± 11
P10 10 ± 2 10 ± 2 10 ± 2 11 ± 1 11 ± 1 11 ± 1
P25 19 ± 7 19 ± 8 16 ± 6 22 ± 3 25 ± 9 19 ± 3
median 57 ± 21 40 ± 16 48 ± 22 63 ± 26 114 ± 46 59 ± 9
P75 146 ± 40 206 ± 27 198 ± 31 235 ± 62 271 ± 42 213 ± 14
P90 324 ± 73 347 ± 57 328 ± 69 374 ± 95 456 ± 83 367 ± 28
Petrol mean 934 ± 108 945 ± 75 1,206 ± 91 1,326 ± 103 1,336 ± 107 1,160 ± 46
P10 304 ± 89 349 ± 89 381 ± 117 444 ± 110 507 ± 71 381 ± 16
P25 494 ± 47 507 ± 11 616 ± 68 634 ± 83 761 ± 105 571 ± 52
median 669 ± 87 761 ± 88 1,015 ± 89 1,108 ± 87 1,209 ± 108 989 ± 54
P75 1,142 ± 96 1,199 ± 100 1,594 ± 145 1,736 ± 173 1,781 ± 193 1,507 ± 100
P90 1,635 ± 471 1,731 ± 344 2,280 ± 286 2,581 ± 340 2,377 ± 194 2,239 ± 107
Diesel mean 1,085 ± 284 1,370 ± 298 1,678 ± 356 1,579 ± 239 1,570 ± 303 1,453 ± 117
P10 S S S S S 640 ± 235
P25 744 ± 420 853 ± 299 1,326 ± 594 1,067 ± 277 1,085 ± 317 853 ± 128
median 927 ± 344 1,198 ± 520 1,707 ± 437 1,655 ± 543 1,325 ± 168 1,344 ± 176
P75 1,695 ± 753 1,855 ± 444 2,347 ± 503 1,941 ± 212 1,707 ± 453 1,913 ± 149
P90 S S S S S 2,347 ± 166
Food mean 86 ± 7 116 ± 8 137 ± 10 163 ± 10 191 ± 14 139 ± 4
P10 18 ± 4 24 ± 5 36 ± 5 47 ± 8 60 ± 11 30 ± 3
P25 35 ± 4 50 ± 5 65 ± 8 82 ± 8 100 ± 6 60 ± 4
median 66 ± 5 96 ± 9 118 ± 10 145 ± 10 164 ± 8 116 ± 4
P75 117 ± 11 161 ± 17 188 ± 15 219 ± 17 249 ± 9 190 ± 6
P90 183 ± 17 235 ± 19 252 ± 16 310 ± 36 333 ± 29 272 ± 11
Fuel mean 769 ± 69 964 ± 73 1,135 ± 75 1,281 ± 89 1,313 ± 103 1,093 ± 41
P10 144 ± 11 194 ± 28 214 ± 19 235 ± 31 232 ± 34 194 ± 13
P25 249 ± 25 356 ± 37 392 ± 44 450 ± 51 449 ± 49 356 ± 14
median 463 ± 67 763 ± 67 894 ± 86 1,002 ± 81 1,176 ± 172 819 ± 44
P75 1,025 ± 124 1,268 ± 123 1,580 ± 118 1,823 ± 136 1,908 ± 189 1,538 ± 66
P90 1,749 ± 268 1,981 ± 218 2,394 ± 188 2,655 ± 239 2,728 ± 264 2,394 ± 105
Fuel and food mean 811 ± 68 1,043 ± 73 1,233 ± 80 1,382 ± 87 1,448 ± 106 1,184 ± 41
P10 159 ± 15 243 ± 45 251 ± 49 254 ± 56 285 ± 49 216 ± 15
P25 273 ± 26 411 ± 46 458 ± 46 523 ± 54 570 ± 60 417 ± 23
median 499 ± 47 844 ± 65 984 ± 93 1,105 ± 121 1,262 ± 157 895 ± 37
P75 1,084 ± 113 1,385 ± 101 1,713 ± 149 1,941 ± 140 2,074 ± 154 1,658 ± 58
P90 1,835 ± 266 2,112 ± 192 2,523 ± 169 2,837 ± 224 2,903 ± 235 2,552 ± 115
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

By Ethnicity

Carbon price: $ 45
Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure by Ethnicity ($)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity mean 36 ± 2 35 ± 3 32 ± 1 33 ± 1
P10 15 ± 2 14 ± 3 13 ± 1 13 ± 1
P25 23 ± 2 21 ± 4 18 ± 1 20 ± 1
median 33 ± 3 32 ± 3 28 ± 1 29 ± 2
P75 45 ± 3 43 ± 5 41 ± 2 43 ± 2
P90 62 ± 6 65 ± 10 54 ± 2 56 ± 3
Gas mean 13 ± 3 12 ± 5 15 ± 2 14 ± 2
P10 1 ± 1 1 ± 1 1 ± 1 1 ± 1
P25 1 ± 1 1 ± 1 2 ± 1 2 ± 1
median 4 ± 2 3 ± 2 6 ± 2 6 ± 1
P75 18 ± 6 14 ± 12 22 ± 2 22 ± 2
P90 40 ± 10 33 ± 13 37 ± 4 37 ± 3
Petrol mean 115 ± 10 102 ± 13 119 ± 6 117 ± 5
P10 38 ± 6 38 ± 16 38 ± 3 38 ± 2
P25 51 ± 9 51 ± 3 61 ± 6 58 ± 6
median 100 ± 18 77 ± 13 100 ± 4 100 ± 6
P75 154 ± 19 134 ± 25 153 ± 10 152 ± 11
P90 222 ± 21 199 ± 28 231 ± 14 226 ± 11
Diesel mean 163 ± 30 S 142 ± 14 147 ± 12
P10 S S 75 ± 32 65 ± 24
P25 86 ± 35 S 88 ± 15 86 ± 13
median 171 ± 57 S 135 ± 17 136 ± 18
P75 237 ± 49 S 186 ± 20 193 ± 16
P90 S S 221 ± 21 237 ± 17
Food mean 15 ± 1 15 ± 2 14 ± 1 14 ± 1
P10 3 ± 1 3 ± 2 3 ± 1 3 ± 1
P25 6 ± 1 7 ± 2 6 ± 1 6 ± 1
median 13 ± 2 14 ± 2 12 ± 1 12 ± 1
P75 21 ± 2 22 ± 3 19 ± 1 19 ± 1
P90 29 ± 2 29 ± 3 27 ± 1 28 ± 2
Fuel mean 122 ± 10 104 ± 13 108 ± 5 111 ± 5
P10 24 ± 3 20 ± 5 18 ± 2 20 ± 2
P25 42 ± 7 36 ± 5 35 ± 3 36 ± 2
median 92 ± 9 83 ± 13 80 ± 5 83 ± 5
P75 161 ± 12 140 ± 21 153 ± 8 156 ± 7
P90 266 ± 20 228 ± 39 237 ± 9 242 ± 11
Fuel and food mean 130 ± 10 114 ± 13 117 ± 5 120 ± 5
P10 26 ± 5 22 ± 5 21 ± 2 22 ± 2
P25 47 ± 6 40 ± 7 41 ± 3 42 ± 3
median 101 ± 11 90 ± 13 89 ± 6 91 ± 4
P75 178 ± 16 158 ± 25 166 ± 8 168 ± 6
P90 282 ± 22 249 ± 41 252 ± 11 258 ± 12
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 89.9
Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure by Ethnicity ($)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity mean 116 ± 6 114 ± 9 104 ± 3 107 ± 3
P10 48 ± 5 44 ± 9 41 ± 2 42 ± 3
P25 75 ± 5 67 ± 10 59 ± 3 63 ± 3
median 106 ± 7 104 ± 10 91 ± 3 94 ± 4
P75 145 ± 8 140 ± 16 133 ± 5 137 ± 5
P90 199 ± 17 210 ± 31 174 ± 6 180 ± 8
Gas mean 41 ± 8 39 ± 14 47 ± 5 46 ± 4
P10 3 ± 1 3 ± 1 4 ± 1 4 ± 1
P25 5 ± 2 4 ± 1 7 ± 1 6 ± 1
median 14 ± 5 8 ± 5 21 ± 5 19 ± 3
P75 57 ± 17 45 ± 39 72 ± 7 69 ± 5
P90 128 ± 32 108 ± 41 118 ± 11 120 ± 9
Petrol mean 372 ± 30 328 ± 39 382 ± 18 378 ± 15
P10 124 ± 18 124 ± 49 124 ± 7 124 ± 6
P25 165 ± 27 165 ± 10 197 ± 19 186 ± 17
median 322 ± 58 248 ± 40 324 ± 13 322 ± 18
P75 496 ± 60 433 ± 80 492 ± 31 491 ± 33
P90 715 ± 68 643 ± 89 744 ± 44 730 ± 35
Diesel mean 525 ± 94 S 457 ± 45 473 ± 38
P10 S S 242 ± 102 209 ± 77
P25 278 ± 112 S 283 ± 47 278 ± 42
median 552 ± 182 S 435 ± 53 438 ± 58
P75 765 ± 156 S 599 ± 63 623 ± 49
P90 S S 713 ± 67 765 ± 55
Food mean 47 ± 3 50 ± 5 45 ± 2 45 ± 2
P10 9 ± 2 9 ± 5 10 ± 1 10 ± 1
P25 19 ± 3 23 ± 6 19 ± 2 20 ± 2
median 40 ± 5 45 ± 7 37 ± 2 38 ± 2
P75 66 ± 5 71 ± 10 61 ± 2 62 ± 2
P90 95 ± 6 94 ± 9 86 ± 4 89 ± 4
Fuel mean 392 ± 31 336 ± 41 348 ± 14 356 ± 14
P10 78 ± 10 64 ± 15 58 ± 5 63 ± 5
P25 134 ± 23 116 ± 15 112 ± 8 116 ± 5
median 298 ± 29 269 ± 42 257 ± 16 267 ± 15
P75 518 ± 37 450 ± 66 493 ± 25 501 ± 22
P90 856 ± 63 734 ± 123 765 ± 28 780 ± 35
Fuel and food mean 420 ± 32 367 ± 40 378 ± 14 386 ± 14
P10 84 ± 14 71 ± 16 68 ± 5 70 ± 5
P25 151 ± 20 128 ± 21 132 ± 8 136 ± 8
median 327 ± 33 289 ± 40 285 ± 18 292 ± 12
P75 575 ± 51 509 ± 79 534 ± 23 540 ± 19
P90 907 ± 70 802 ± 130 811 ± 35 831 ± 38
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 134.9
Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure by Ethnicity ($)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity mean 196 ± 10 192 ± 15 175 ± 5 180 ± 4
P10 82 ± 9 74 ± 15 70 ± 4 72 ± 5
P25 127 ± 9 113 ± 17 100 ± 5 106 ± 5
median 179 ± 12 176 ± 16 154 ± 5 159 ± 6
P75 245 ± 14 236 ± 27 226 ± 8 232 ± 8
P90 336 ± 28 355 ± 53 294 ± 9 304 ± 14
Gas mean 70 ± 13 67 ± 24 80 ± 7 78 ± 6
P10 5 ± 1 5 ± 1 6 ± 1 6 ± 1
P25 8 ± 2 7 ± 2 12 ± 2 10 ± 2
median 24 ± 8 14 ± 7 35 ± 8 32 ± 5
P75 97 ± 28 77 ± 66 122 ± 11 117 ± 8
P90 217 ± 53 182 ± 68 199 ± 18 202 ± 16
Petrol mean 629 ± 50 555 ± 66 646 ± 29 638 ± 26
P10 210 ± 30 210 ± 83 210 ± 12 210 ± 9
P25 279 ± 46 279 ± 16 333 ± 31 314 ± 29
median 545 ± 98 419 ± 67 547 ± 22 545 ± 30
P75 838 ± 102 731 ± 136 831 ± 52 830 ± 55
P90 1,208 ± 114 1,086 ± 150 1,256 ± 73 1,233 ± 59
Diesel mean 887 ± 159 S 772 ± 75 800 ± 65
P10 S S 410 ± 172 352 ± 129
P25 470 ± 189 S 479 ± 79 470 ± 71
median 933 ± 307 S 735 ± 90 740 ± 97
P75 1,292 ± 264 S 1,012 ± 106 1,053 ± 82
P90 S S 1,205 ± 113 1,292 ± 92
Food mean 79 ± 5 84 ± 8 76 ± 3 77 ± 3
P10 15 ± 3 15 ± 8 17 ± 2 16 ± 2
P25 33 ± 5 39 ± 10 33 ± 2 33 ± 2
median 68 ± 8 76 ± 11 63 ± 3 64 ± 2
P75 112 ± 8 120 ± 16 102 ± 3 105 ± 4
P90 160 ± 10 158 ± 16 146 ± 6 150 ± 6
Fuel mean 663 ± 53 567 ± 69 588 ± 23 602 ± 23
P10 132 ± 16 108 ± 25 98 ± 8 107 ± 7
P25 226 ± 38 196 ± 24 189 ± 13 196 ± 8
median 503 ± 49 455 ± 70 434 ± 27 451 ± 24
P75 875 ± 63 761 ± 111 834 ± 43 847 ± 36
P90 1,447 ± 106 1,241 ± 208 1,292 ± 48 1,318 ± 58
Fuel and food mean 710 ± 54 621 ± 68 639 ± 23 652 ± 23
P10 142 ± 23 119 ± 26 115 ± 8 119 ± 8
P25 256 ± 33 217 ± 36 223 ± 13 230 ± 13
median 552 ± 55 489 ± 67 482 ± 31 493 ± 21
P75 971 ± 85 860 ± 133 903 ± 39 913 ± 32
P90 1,533 ± 118 1,355 ± 220 1,371 ± 59 1,405 ± 64
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 179.8
Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure by Ethnicity ($)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity mean 276 ± 13 270 ± 20 247 ± 7 254 ± 6
P10 115 ± 12 104 ± 20 98 ± 5 101 ± 6
P25 179 ± 12 159 ± 24 141 ± 6 150 ± 7
median 252 ± 17 249 ± 23 217 ± 7 224 ± 8
P75 345 ± 19 332 ± 37 318 ± 11 327 ± 10
P90 473 ± 39 500 ± 74 414 ± 12 428 ± 19
Gas mean 98 ± 18 94 ± 33 112 ± 10 110 ± 9
P10 7 ± 1 7 ± 2 9 ± 1 8 ± 1
P25 11 ± 3 10 ± 2 17 ± 2 15 ± 3
median 33 ± 11 20 ± 10 49 ± 10 45 ± 7
P75 136 ± 39 108 ± 92 172 ± 15 165 ± 11
P90 305 ± 74 256 ± 96 280 ± 25 285 ± 22
Petrol mean 885 ± 71 781 ± 93 909 ± 41 899 ± 36
P10 295 ± 42 295 ± 116 295 ± 17 295 ± 12
P25 393 ± 64 393 ± 22 469 ± 43 443 ± 41
median 767 ± 137 590 ± 94 770 ± 30 767 ± 42
P75 1,180 ± 143 1,030 ± 191 1,171 ± 73 1,168 ± 78
P90 1,701 ± 161 1,529 ± 211 1,769 ± 103 1,736 ± 83
Diesel mean 1,249 ± 223 S 1,087 ± 106 1,126 ± 91
P10 S S 577 ± 242 496 ± 182
P25 662 ± 267 S 674 ± 111 662 ± 99
median 1,314 ± 432 S 1,034 ± 126 1,042 ± 137
P75 1,819 ± 371 S 1,425 ± 149 1,483 ± 116
P90 S S 1,696 ± 159 1,819 ± 129
Food mean 111 ± 7 118 ± 11 106 ± 4 108 ± 4
P10 21 ± 4 21 ± 11 23 ± 3 23 ± 2
P25 46 ± 7 55 ± 13 46 ± 3 47 ± 3
median 96 ± 11 106 ± 16 88 ± 4 90 ± 3
P75 158 ± 11 169 ± 22 144 ± 4 148 ± 5
P90 226 ± 13 223 ± 22 206 ± 8 211 ± 9
Fuel mean 933 ± 74 799 ± 97 828 ± 33 847 ± 32
P10 186 ± 22 152 ± 35 138 ± 12 150 ± 10
P25 319 ± 54 276 ± 34 266 ± 18 276 ± 11
median 708 ± 69 640 ± 98 611 ± 38 635 ± 34
P75 1,232 ± 88 1,071 ± 156 1,174 ± 60 1,193 ± 51
P90 2,037 ± 148 1,747 ± 293 1,819 ± 67 1,856 ± 82
Fuel and food mean 1,000 ± 76 874 ± 95 899 ± 33 918 ± 32
P10 200 ± 32 168 ± 36 162 ± 11 167 ± 11
P25 360 ± 46 306 ± 50 314 ± 18 324 ± 18
median 777 ± 77 688 ± 94 679 ± 43 694 ± 29
P75 1,368 ± 120 1,211 ± 187 1,272 ± 54 1,285 ± 45
P90 2,159 ± 166 1,908 ± 310 1,930 ± 82 1,978 ± 89
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 224.8
Plots

Table
Annual Expenditure by Ethnicity ($)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity mean 356 ± 17 348 ± 26 319 ± 8 328 ± 7
P10 149 ± 15 134 ± 26 126 ± 6 130 ± 8
P25 232 ± 15 205 ± 30 181 ± 8 193 ± 8
median 325 ± 21 321 ± 29 280 ± 9 289 ± 11
P75 445 ± 24 428 ± 48 410 ± 15 421 ± 13
P90 610 ± 50 645 ± 95 534 ± 16 552 ± 24
Gas mean 127 ± 23 121 ± 43 145 ± 13 142 ± 11
P10 10 ± 1 10 ± 2 11 ± 1 11 ± 1
P25 15 ± 4 13 ± 3 22 ± 3 19 ± 3
median 43 ± 14 25 ± 13 63 ± 13 59 ± 9
P75 176 ± 50 139 ± 119 222 ± 19 213 ± 14
P90 394 ± 96 330 ± 124 361 ± 32 367 ± 28
Petrol mean 1,142 ± 91 1,007 ± 119 1,173 ± 53 1,160 ± 46
P10 381 ± 54 381 ± 150 381 ± 22 381 ± 16
P25 507 ± 82 507 ± 28 605 ± 56 571 ± 52
median 989 ± 177 761 ± 121 994 ± 39 989 ± 54
P75 1,522 ± 184 1,328 ± 246 1,510 ± 94 1,507 ± 100
P90 2,195 ± 207 1,973 ± 272 2,282 ± 133 2,239 ± 107
Diesel mean 1,611 ± 288 S 1,402 ± 136 1,453 ± 117
P10 S S 744 ± 312 640 ± 235
P25 853 ± 344 S 869 ± 143 853 ± 128
median 1,695 ± 558 S 1,334 ± 163 1,344 ± 176
P75 2,347 ± 478 S 1,838 ± 192 1,913 ± 149
P90 S S 2,188 ± 205 2,347 ± 166
Food mean 144 ± 9 152 ± 15 137 ± 5 139 ± 4
P10 28 ± 5 28 ± 14 30 ± 3 30 ± 3
P25 60 ± 9 71 ± 17 60 ± 4 60 ± 4
median 124 ± 14 137 ± 20 114 ± 5 116 ± 4
P75 203 ± 14 218 ± 29 186 ± 5 190 ± 6
P90 291 ± 17 287 ± 28 265 ± 10 272 ± 11
Fuel mean 1,204 ± 95 1,030 ± 126 1,068 ± 42 1,093 ± 41
P10 240 ± 29 196 ± 45 178 ± 15 194 ± 13
P25 411 ± 69 356 ± 44 343 ± 23 356 ± 14
median 914 ± 89 826 ± 127 788 ± 48 819 ± 44
P75 1,589 ± 114 1,382 ± 201 1,514 ± 77 1,538 ± 66
P90 2,628 ± 191 2,253 ± 377 2,347 ± 86 2,394 ± 105
Fuel and food mean 1,290 ± 97 1,127 ± 123 1,160 ± 42 1,184 ± 41
P10 258 ± 42 217 ± 47 209 ± 15 216 ± 15
P25 464 ± 60 394 ± 64 405 ± 23 417 ± 23
median 1,003 ± 99 888 ± 121 875 ± 55 895 ± 37
P75 1,764 ± 154 1,562 ± 241 1,640 ± 70 1,658 ± 58
P90 2,784 ± 214 2,461 ± 399 2,489 ± 106 2,552 ± 115
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

Changes in expenditure as a percentage of household disposable income (lower bound electricity price)

As in other TAWA analysis. Very low modelled incomes in the bottom quintile adversely affect the expenditure as a percentage of disposable income results, particularly the mean. Means of expenditure as a percentage of disposable income have not been provided in this analysis.

Summary statistics based on group populations

By HEDI

Carbon price: $ 45
Plots

For this carbon price the plots for Gas and Diesel have been omitted due to low values and rounding issues.

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile (%)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity P10 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.05 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
median 0.08 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
P75 0.12 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01
P90 0.18 ± 0.03 0.10 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01
P90 0.03 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
Petrol P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.07 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.01
P75 0.19 ± 0.03 0.17 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01
P90 0.36 ± 0.07 0.25 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.02
Diesel P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P90 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Food P10 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01
P25 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
median 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P75 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P90 0.06 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
Fuel P10 0.04 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P25 0.08 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01
median 0.16 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01
P75 0.33 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.02 0.20 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.02 0.20 ± 0.02
P90 0.57 ± 0.07 0.35 ± 0.03 0.30 ± 0.03 0.24 ± 0.03 0.16 ± 0.02 0.32 ± 0.02
Fuel and food P10 0.06 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
P25 0.10 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01
median 0.18 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01
P75 0.36 ± 0.04 0.26 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.01
P90 0.61 ± 0.07 0.38 ± 0.03 0.32 ± 0.03 0.26 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.02 0.35 ± 0.02
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 89.9
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile (%)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity P10 0.00 ± 0.03 0.00 ± 0.02 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.02 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.16 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01
median 0.25 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
P75 0.39 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.01
P90 0.57 ± 0.08 0.32 ± 0.02 0.23 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.31 ± 0.02
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P90 0.11 ± 0.04 0.10 ± 0.03 0.07 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
Petrol P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.22 ± 0.05 0.17 ± 0.04 0.15 ± 0.04 0.07 ± 0.05 0.12 ± 0.03
P75 0.63 ± 0.08 0.55 ± 0.08 0.46 ± 0.04 0.37 ± 0.04 0.23 ± 0.03 0.42 ± 0.03
P90 1.16 ± 0.22 0.80 ± 0.08 0.72 ± 0.08 0.58 ± 0.06 0.37 ± 0.05 0.72 ± 0.04
Diesel P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P90 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Food P10 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P25 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
median 0.07 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01
P75 0.11 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
P90 0.18 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
Fuel P10 0.12 ± 0.04 0.12 ± 0.03 0.09 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.01
P25 0.24 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.01
median 0.52 ± 0.08 0.41 ± 0.03 0.33 ± 0.04 0.29 ± 0.04 0.18 ± 0.03 0.32 ± 0.02
P75 1.06 ± 0.13 0.77 ± 0.06 0.64 ± 0.06 0.54 ± 0.04 0.34 ± 0.04 0.64 ± 0.04
P90 1.82 ± 0.21 1.12 ± 0.10 0.95 ± 0.10 0.79 ± 0.07 0.53 ± 0.06 1.03 ± 0.06
Fuel and food P10 0.18 ± 0.03 0.17 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01
P25 0.31 ± 0.03 0.26 ± 0.02 0.20 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.01
median 0.58 ± 0.08 0.47 ± 0.04 0.39 ± 0.04 0.33 ± 0.04 0.21 ± 0.03 0.38 ± 0.02
P75 1.17 ± 0.13 0.84 ± 0.06 0.69 ± 0.07 0.60 ± 0.05 0.38 ± 0.05 0.70 ± 0.04
P90 1.96 ± 0.22 1.21 ± 0.10 1.02 ± 0.10 0.83 ± 0.07 0.57 ± 0.05 1.11 ± 0.06
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 134.9
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile (%)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity P10 0.00 ± 0.04 0.00 ± 0.03 0.00 ± 0.02 0.00 ± 0.02 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.27 ± 0.03 0.16 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01
median 0.41 ± 0.03 0.27 ± 0.02 0.20 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.01
P75 0.65 ± 0.04 0.38 ± 0.03 0.27 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.02 0.33 ± 0.01
P90 0.96 ± 0.13 0.54 ± 0.03 0.38 ± 0.03 0.30 ± 0.03 0.21 ± 0.02 0.52 ± 0.03
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.01 ± 0.02 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.01
P90 0.18 ± 0.06 0.17 ± 0.05 0.12 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.02
Petrol P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.37 ± 0.08 0.29 ± 0.07 0.25 ± 0.06 0.11 ± 0.08 0.20 ± 0.05
P75 1.06 ± 0.13 0.93 ± 0.13 0.78 ± 0.06 0.63 ± 0.07 0.39 ± 0.05 0.70 ± 0.05
P90 1.97 ± 0.37 1.34 ± 0.12 1.22 ± 0.13 0.98 ± 0.09 0.63 ± 0.08 1.22 ± 0.07
Diesel P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P90 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Food P10 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P25 0.06 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
median 0.11 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
P75 0.18 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01
P90 0.30 ± 0.04 0.20 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.01
Fuel P10 0.20 ± 0.07 0.20 ± 0.04 0.15 ± 0.03 0.10 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.02
P25 0.41 ± 0.05 0.37 ± 0.05 0.25 ± 0.03 0.21 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.02
median 0.88 ± 0.13 0.70 ± 0.05 0.57 ± 0.06 0.48 ± 0.06 0.30 ± 0.04 0.54 ± 0.03
P75 1.79 ± 0.21 1.30 ± 0.09 1.08 ± 0.09 0.91 ± 0.06 0.57 ± 0.07 1.08 ± 0.06
P90 3.08 ± 0.35 1.89 ± 0.16 1.61 ± 0.16 1.33 ± 0.11 0.89 ± 0.10 1.73 ± 0.09
Fuel and food P10 0.31 ± 0.05 0.28 ± 0.03 0.21 ± 0.03 0.16 ± 0.03 0.09 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.02
P25 0.52 ± 0.05 0.45 ± 0.04 0.34 ± 0.03 0.28 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.02 0.32 ± 0.02
median 0.98 ± 0.13 0.80 ± 0.07 0.67 ± 0.06 0.56 ± 0.07 0.36 ± 0.05 0.65 ± 0.04
P75 1.98 ± 0.22 1.41 ± 0.10 1.17 ± 0.11 1.02 ± 0.08 0.64 ± 0.08 1.17 ± 0.06
P90 3.31 ± 0.37 2.05 ± 0.16 1.72 ± 0.16 1.40 ± 0.11 0.96 ± 0.09 1.88 ± 0.09
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 179.8
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile (%)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity P10 0.00 ± 0.06 0.00 ± 0.04 0.00 ± 0.02 0.00 ± 0.03 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.38 ± 0.04 0.22 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.03 0.12 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.01
median 0.58 ± 0.05 0.38 ± 0.03 0.27 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.01 0.27 ± 0.02
P75 0.92 ± 0.06 0.54 ± 0.03 0.38 ± 0.03 0.30 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.02 0.46 ± 0.02
P90 1.36 ± 0.19 0.76 ± 0.05 0.54 ± 0.04 0.42 ± 0.04 0.29 ± 0.03 0.74 ± 0.04
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.02 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.01
P90 0.26 ± 0.09 0.23 ± 0.07 0.17 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.02
Petrol P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.52 ± 0.12 0.40 ± 0.09 0.36 ± 0.09 0.15 ± 0.11 0.28 ± 0.07
P75 1.49 ± 0.19 1.31 ± 0.18 1.09 ± 0.09 0.89 ± 0.09 0.55 ± 0.07 0.99 ± 0.07
P90 2.77 ± 0.52 1.89 ± 0.17 1.71 ± 0.18 1.38 ± 0.13 0.88 ± 0.11 1.72 ± 0.09
Diesel P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P90 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Food P10 0.01 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
P25 0.08 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01
median 0.16 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
P75 0.26 ± 0.03 0.21 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 0.17 ± 0.01
P90 0.43 ± 0.05 0.29 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.02
Fuel P10 0.28 ± 0.09 0.28 ± 0.06 0.21 ± 0.04 0.14 ± 0.03 0.08 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.02
P25 0.58 ± 0.06 0.52 ± 0.06 0.36 ± 0.04 0.30 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.03 0.35 ± 0.03
median 1.23 ± 0.18 0.98 ± 0.07 0.80 ± 0.09 0.68 ± 0.08 0.43 ± 0.06 0.77 ± 0.04
P75 2.51 ± 0.29 1.83 ± 0.13 1.52 ± 0.13 1.29 ± 0.08 0.80 ± 0.09 1.51 ± 0.08
P90 4.34 ± 0.50 2.66 ± 0.23 2.27 ± 0.22 1.87 ± 0.16 1.25 ± 0.14 2.44 ± 0.13
Fuel and food P10 0.44 ± 0.06 0.40 ± 0.05 0.30 ± 0.05 0.22 ± 0.04 0.13 ± 0.03 0.24 ± 0.02
P25 0.73 ± 0.07 0.63 ± 0.05 0.48 ± 0.05 0.39 ± 0.04 0.25 ± 0.03 0.46 ± 0.03
median 1.38 ± 0.19 1.12 ± 0.09 0.94 ± 0.08 0.79 ± 0.09 0.50 ± 0.07 0.91 ± 0.05
P75 2.78 ± 0.30 1.99 ± 0.13 1.64 ± 0.15 1.43 ± 0.11 0.90 ± 0.11 1.65 ± 0.08
P90 4.66 ± 0.52 2.89 ± 0.22 2.42 ± 0.22 1.97 ± 0.15 1.35 ± 0.12 2.65 ± 0.13
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 224.8
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile (%)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity P10 0.00 ± 0.08 0.00 ± 0.04 0.00 ± 0.03 0.00 ± 0.04 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.48 ± 0.06 0.29 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.03 0.16 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.01
median 0.75 ± 0.06 0.49 ± 0.03 0.35 ± 0.03 0.27 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.02 0.34 ± 0.02
P75 1.18 ± 0.07 0.70 ± 0.04 0.49 ± 0.04 0.39 ± 0.02 0.27 ± 0.03 0.59 ± 0.02
P90 1.75 ± 0.24 0.99 ± 0.06 0.69 ± 0.05 0.54 ± 0.04 0.38 ± 0.03 0.95 ± 0.05
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.02 ± 0.03 0.03 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.03 0.03 ± 0.01
P90 0.33 ± 0.11 0.30 ± 0.10 0.21 ± 0.04 0.19 ± 0.04 0.18 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.02
Petrol P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.66 ± 0.15 0.52 ± 0.12 0.46 ± 0.11 0.20 ± 0.14 0.36 ± 0.09
P75 1.93 ± 0.24 1.68 ± 0.23 1.41 ± 0.11 1.15 ± 0.12 0.71 ± 0.09 1.27 ± 0.08
P90 3.57 ± 0.66 2.44 ± 0.22 2.21 ± 0.23 1.78 ± 0.17 1.14 ± 0.14 2.21 ± 0.12
Diesel P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P90 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Food P10 0.02 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
P25 0.10 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
median 0.20 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01
P75 0.33 ± 0.04 0.26 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.01
P90 0.55 ± 0.06 0.37 ± 0.03 0.29 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.02 0.33 ± 0.02
Fuel P10 0.37 ± 0.11 0.36 ± 0.07 0.27 ± 0.04 0.19 ± 0.04 0.10 ± 0.04 0.19 ± 0.03
P25 0.75 ± 0.08 0.67 ± 0.08 0.46 ± 0.05 0.38 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.04 0.45 ± 0.03
median 1.59 ± 0.23 1.27 ± 0.09 1.03 ± 0.11 0.88 ± 0.10 0.55 ± 0.08 0.99 ± 0.05
P75 3.24 ± 0.38 2.36 ± 0.17 1.96 ± 0.17 1.66 ± 0.10 1.03 ± 0.12 1.95 ± 0.11
P90 5.59 ± 0.64 3.43 ± 0.29 2.93 ± 0.29 2.41 ± 0.20 1.61 ± 0.18 3.15 ± 0.16
Fuel and food P10 0.56 ± 0.08 0.51 ± 0.06 0.39 ± 0.06 0.29 ± 0.05 0.16 ± 0.03 0.31 ± 0.03
P25 0.95 ± 0.09 0.81 ± 0.06 0.61 ± 0.06 0.50 ± 0.05 0.33 ± 0.03 0.59 ± 0.03
median 1.78 ± 0.24 1.45 ± 0.12 1.21 ± 0.11 1.03 ± 0.12 0.65 ± 0.08 1.17 ± 0.06
P75 3.59 ± 0.39 2.57 ± 0.17 2.12 ± 0.19 1.85 ± 0.14 1.16 ± 0.13 2.13 ± 0.10
P90 6.01 ± 0.68 3.73 ± 0.28 3.12 ± 0.29 2.54 ± 0.20 1.74 ± 0.15 3.42 ± 0.16
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

By Ethnicity

Carbon price: $ 45
Plots

For this carbon price the plots for Gas and Diesel have been omitted due to low values and rounding issues.

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Ethnicity (%)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity P10 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
median 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
P75 0.07 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01
P90 0.11 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01
P90 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
Petrol P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.06 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.01
P75 0.14 ± 0.03 0.11 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01
P90 0.22 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.02
Diesel P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P90 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Food P10 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01
P25 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
median 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P75 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P90 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
Fuel P10 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P25 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01
median 0.12 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01
P75 0.21 ± 0.03 0.16 ± 0.03 0.20 ± 0.01 0.20 ± 0.02
P90 0.35 ± 0.05 0.27 ± 0.06 0.32 ± 0.02 0.32 ± 0.02
Fuel and food P10 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
P25 0.07 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01
median 0.14 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01
P75 0.23 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.04 0.21 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.01
P90 0.38 ± 0.05 0.30 ± 0.06 0.34 ± 0.02 0.35 ± 0.02
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 89.9
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Ethnicity (%)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity P10 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.06 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01
median 0.13 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
P75 0.22 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.01
P90 0.35 ± 0.03 0.30 ± 0.05 0.30 ± 0.02 0.31 ± 0.02
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P90 0.06 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.03 0.08 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
Petrol P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.19 ± 0.06 0.14 ± 0.05 0.08 ± 0.05 0.12 ± 0.03
P75 0.46 ± 0.07 0.34 ± 0.08 0.41 ± 0.03 0.42 ± 0.03
P90 0.70 ± 0.08 0.60 ± 0.08 0.73 ± 0.04 0.72 ± 0.04
Diesel P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P90 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Food P10 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P25 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
median 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01
P75 0.07 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
P90 0.10 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
Fuel P10 0.07 ± 0.03 0.05 ± 0.03 0.06 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01
P25 0.18 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.01
median 0.39 ± 0.04 0.27 ± 0.04 0.31 ± 0.02 0.32 ± 0.02
P75 0.68 ± 0.07 0.52 ± 0.09 0.63 ± 0.04 0.64 ± 0.04
P90 1.11 ± 0.14 0.88 ± 0.18 1.02 ± 0.05 1.03 ± 0.06
Fuel and food P10 0.10 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.03 0.10 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01
P25 0.21 ± 0.04 0.17 ± 0.04 0.19 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.01
median 0.44 ± 0.04 0.32 ± 0.06 0.37 ± 0.03 0.38 ± 0.02
P75 0.73 ± 0.08 0.62 ± 0.11 0.69 ± 0.04 0.70 ± 0.04
P90 1.21 ± 0.14 0.98 ± 0.18 1.09 ± 0.05 1.11 ± 0.06
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 134.9
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Ethnicity (%)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity P10 0.00 ± 0.02 0.00 ± 0.02 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.11 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.03 0.09 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01
median 0.21 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.01
P75 0.37 ± 0.04 0.30 ± 0.05 0.32 ± 0.02 0.33 ± 0.01
P90 0.59 ± 0.05 0.51 ± 0.09 0.51 ± 0.03 0.52 ± 0.03
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P90 0.10 ± 0.04 0.03 ± 0.05 0.13 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.02
Petrol P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.32 ± 0.10 0.23 ± 0.08 0.14 ± 0.07 0.20 ± 0.05
P75 0.78 ± 0.12 0.58 ± 0.13 0.70 ± 0.05 0.70 ± 0.05
P90 1.18 ± 0.13 1.01 ± 0.13 1.24 ± 0.07 1.22 ± 0.07
Diesel P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P90 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Food P10 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P25 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
median 0.08 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
P75 0.12 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01
P90 0.17 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.01
Fuel P10 0.12 ± 0.04 0.09 ± 0.05 0.11 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.02
P25 0.30 ± 0.06 0.21 ± 0.05 0.25 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.02
median 0.67 ± 0.07 0.46 ± 0.07 0.53 ± 0.03 0.54 ± 0.03
P75 1.14 ± 0.12 0.88 ± 0.15 1.07 ± 0.06 1.08 ± 0.06
P90 1.88 ± 0.23 1.48 ± 0.30 1.72 ± 0.09 1.73 ± 0.09
Fuel and food P10 0.18 ± 0.04 0.14 ± 0.04 0.17 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.02
P25 0.36 ± 0.06 0.29 ± 0.06 0.32 ± 0.02 0.32 ± 0.02
median 0.74 ± 0.07 0.55 ± 0.10 0.63 ± 0.04 0.65 ± 0.04
P75 1.24 ± 0.12 1.05 ± 0.18 1.17 ± 0.06 1.17 ± 0.06
P90 2.05 ± 0.24 1.65 ± 0.30 1.85 ± 0.09 1.88 ± 0.09
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 179.8
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Ethnicity (%)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity P10 0.00 ± 0.02 0.00 ± 0.02 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.15 ± 0.03 0.12 ± 0.04 0.13 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01
median 0.30 ± 0.03 0.25 ± 0.03 0.26 ± 0.02 0.27 ± 0.02
P75 0.52 ± 0.06 0.42 ± 0.06 0.45 ± 0.02 0.46 ± 0.02
P90 0.84 ± 0.07 0.73 ± 0.12 0.71 ± 0.04 0.74 ± 0.04
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P90 0.14 ± 0.05 0.05 ± 0.07 0.18 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.02
Petrol P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.45 ± 0.14 0.33 ± 0.12 0.20 ± 0.10 0.28 ± 0.07
P75 1.10 ± 0.17 0.82 ± 0.19 0.98 ± 0.07 0.99 ± 0.07
P90 1.66 ± 0.18 1.43 ± 0.19 1.74 ± 0.10 1.72 ± 0.09
Diesel P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P90 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Food P10 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
P25 0.06 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01
median 0.11 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
P75 0.17 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.01 0.17 ± 0.01
P90 0.24 ± 0.03 0.24 ± 0.04 0.26 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.02
Fuel P10 0.17 ± 0.05 0.12 ± 0.07 0.15 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.02
P25 0.42 ± 0.08 0.30 ± 0.07 0.35 ± 0.03 0.35 ± 0.03
median 0.94 ± 0.10 0.65 ± 0.10 0.75 ± 0.04 0.77 ± 0.04
P75 1.61 ± 0.17 1.24 ± 0.21 1.51 ± 0.08 1.51 ± 0.08
P90 2.65 ± 0.33 2.09 ± 0.42 2.42 ± 0.12 2.44 ± 0.13
Fuel and food P10 0.25 ± 0.05 0.20 ± 0.06 0.24 ± 0.02 0.24 ± 0.02
P25 0.51 ± 0.09 0.41 ± 0.08 0.45 ± 0.03 0.46 ± 0.03
median 1.04 ± 0.10 0.77 ± 0.14 0.88 ± 0.05 0.91 ± 0.05
P75 1.74 ± 0.17 1.48 ± 0.25 1.65 ± 0.08 1.65 ± 0.08
P90 2.89 ± 0.34 2.32 ± 0.42 2.60 ± 0.12 2.65 ± 0.13
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 224.8
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Ethnicity (%)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity P10 0.00 ± 0.03 0.00 ± 0.02 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.19 ± 0.04 0.16 ± 0.05 0.17 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.01
median 0.38 ± 0.04 0.32 ± 0.04 0.34 ± 0.02 0.34 ± 0.02
P75 0.67 ± 0.07 0.54 ± 0.08 0.59 ± 0.02 0.59 ± 0.02
P90 1.08 ± 0.09 0.94 ± 0.16 0.92 ± 0.05 0.95 ± 0.05
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
P90 0.18 ± 0.06 0.06 ± 0.09 0.23 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.02
Petrol P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.58 ± 0.18 0.43 ± 0.15 0.26 ± 0.13 0.36 ± 0.09
P75 1.42 ± 0.22 1.05 ± 0.24 1.27 ± 0.08 1.27 ± 0.08
P90 2.14 ± 0.23 1.84 ± 0.24 2.25 ± 0.12 2.21 ± 0.12
Diesel P10 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P25 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
median 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P75 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
P90 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Food P10 0.03 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.03 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
P25 0.08 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
median 0.15 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01
P75 0.22 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.01
P90 0.32 ± 0.03 0.31 ± 0.05 0.33 ± 0.03 0.33 ± 0.02
Fuel P10 0.22 ± 0.07 0.16 ± 0.09 0.19 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.03
P25 0.54 ± 0.10 0.38 ± 0.09 0.45 ± 0.04 0.45 ± 0.03
median 1.21 ± 0.12 0.84 ± 0.12 0.97 ± 0.05 0.99 ± 0.05
P75 2.07 ± 0.22 1.60 ± 0.28 1.95 ± 0.10 1.95 ± 0.11
P90 3.42 ± 0.42 2.69 ± 0.54 3.12 ± 0.15 3.15 ± 0.16
Fuel and food P10 0.32 ± 0.06 0.26 ± 0.07 0.31 ± 0.03 0.31 ± 0.03
P25 0.66 ± 0.11 0.53 ± 0.10 0.58 ± 0.03 0.59 ± 0.03
median 1.35 ± 0.12 1.00 ± 0.18 1.14 ± 0.07 1.17 ± 0.06
P75 2.25 ± 0.22 1.90 ± 0.33 2.12 ± 0.10 2.13 ± 0.10
P90 3.72 ± 0.43 3.00 ± 0.55 3.36 ± 0.15 3.42 ± 0.16
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

Summary statistics based on populations with non-zero expenditure

By HEDI

Carbon price: $ 45
Plots

For this carbon price the plots for Gas and Diesel have been omitted due to low values and rounding issues.

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile (%)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity P10 0.04 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P25 0.06 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
median 0.08 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
P75 0.12 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
P90 0.19 ± 0.03 0.10 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01
P25 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01
median 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P75 0.06 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P90 0.09 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01
Petrol P10 0.09 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
P25 0.15 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
median 0.23 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01
P75 0.34 ± 0.06 0.22 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.02 0.20 ± 0.01
P90 0.57 ± 0.09 0.31 ± 0.04 0.28 ± 0.04 0.21 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.03 0.29 ± 0.02
Diesel P10 S S S S S 0.05 ± 0.02
P25 0.20 ± 0.12 0.10 ± 0.07 0.16 ± 0.11 0.09 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.02
median 0.27 ± 0.09 0.16 ± 0.15 0.19 ± 0.05 0.15 ± 0.06 0.07 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.04
P75 0.42 ± 0.17 0.29 ± 0.06 0.23 ± 0.05 0.18 ± 0.03 0.11 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.04
P90 S S S S S 0.31 ± 0.06
Food P10 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01
P25 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
median 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P75 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P90 0.06 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
Fuel P10 0.06 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
P25 0.09 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01
median 0.17 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
P75 0.35 ± 0.05 0.24 ± 0.02 0.20 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.02 0.20 ± 0.01
P90 0.58 ± 0.07 0.35 ± 0.03 0.30 ± 0.03 0.25 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.02 0.33 ± 0.02
Fuel and food P10 0.06 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
P25 0.10 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01
median 0.19 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01
P75 0.37 ± 0.04 0.26 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.01
P90 0.61 ± 0.07 0.38 ± 0.03 0.32 ± 0.03 0.26 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.02 0.35 ± 0.02
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 89.9
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile (%)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity P10 0.14 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01
P25 0.19 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
median 0.27 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01
P75 0.40 ± 0.02 0.24 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.21 ± 0.01
P90 0.62 ± 0.10 0.33 ± 0.02 0.23 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.01 0.33 ± 0.02
Gas P10 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01
P25 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
median 0.07 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P75 0.19 ± 0.04 0.12 ± 0.03 0.08 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
P90 0.30 ± 0.06 0.22 ± 0.04 0.15 ± 0.03 0.10 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.02
Petrol P10 0.29 ± 0.05 0.19 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.01
P25 0.49 ± 0.06 0.28 ± 0.03 0.25 ± 0.04 0.20 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.01
median 0.73 ± 0.08 0.45 ± 0.05 0.42 ± 0.05 0.33 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.03 0.38 ± 0.03
P75 1.10 ± 0.17 0.69 ± 0.06 0.63 ± 0.07 0.51 ± 0.04 0.34 ± 0.04 0.63 ± 0.03
P90 1.83 ± 0.27 0.99 ± 0.11 0.90 ± 0.11 0.68 ± 0.07 0.51 ± 0.08 0.95 ± 0.07
Diesel P10 S S S S S 0.17 ± 0.04
P25 0.66 ± 0.38 0.33 ± 0.23 0.52 ± 0.34 0.28 ± 0.06 0.18 ± 0.06 0.27 ± 0.05
median 0.86 ± 0.29 0.53 ± 0.47 0.61 ± 0.14 0.50 ± 0.18 0.22 ± 0.10 0.46 ± 0.12
P75 1.35 ± 0.52 0.93 ± 0.18 0.74 ± 0.15 0.59 ± 0.08 0.34 ± 0.11 0.76 ± 0.12
P90 S S S S S 1.00 ± 0.20
Food P10 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P25 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
median 0.07 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01
P75 0.12 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
P90 0.19 ± 0.03 0.12 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
Fuel P10 0.18 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01
P25 0.29 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.03 0.16 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.01 0.17 ± 0.01
median 0.56 ± 0.08 0.43 ± 0.04 0.36 ± 0.04 0.31 ± 0.04 0.20 ± 0.03 0.35 ± 0.02
P75 1.11 ± 0.13 0.77 ± 0.06 0.65 ± 0.06 0.55 ± 0.04 0.35 ± 0.05 0.66 ± 0.04
P90 1.87 ± 0.21 1.13 ± 0.10 0.96 ± 0.10 0.79 ± 0.06 0.54 ± 0.07 1.05 ± 0.06
Fuel and food P10 0.20 ± 0.03 0.17 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01
P25 0.32 ± 0.04 0.27 ± 0.02 0.20 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.01
median 0.60 ± 0.08 0.47 ± 0.04 0.40 ± 0.04 0.33 ± 0.04 0.21 ± 0.03 0.38 ± 0.02
P75 1.18 ± 0.13 0.84 ± 0.06 0.69 ± 0.06 0.60 ± 0.05 0.38 ± 0.05 0.70 ± 0.03
P90 1.96 ± 0.22 1.21 ± 0.10 1.02 ± 0.10 0.83 ± 0.07 0.57 ± 0.05 1.11 ± 0.06
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 134.9
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile (%)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity P10 0.23 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
P25 0.32 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01
median 0.45 ± 0.03 0.29 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.01
P75 0.67 ± 0.04 0.41 ± 0.03 0.29 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.01 0.36 ± 0.02
P90 1.05 ± 0.16 0.56 ± 0.03 0.39 ± 0.03 0.31 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.02 0.55 ± 0.03
Gas P10 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P25 0.03 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
median 0.11 ± 0.04 0.04 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.01
P75 0.32 ± 0.07 0.21 ± 0.05 0.13 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.03 0.09 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.01
P90 0.51 ± 0.10 0.37 ± 0.06 0.25 ± 0.06 0.17 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.02 0.26 ± 0.04
Petrol P10 0.49 ± 0.09 0.32 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.04 0.23 ± 0.03 0.12 ± 0.04 0.23 ± 0.02
P25 0.83 ± 0.10 0.47 ± 0.04 0.42 ± 0.06 0.34 ± 0.04 0.23 ± 0.03 0.37 ± 0.02
median 1.23 ± 0.12 0.77 ± 0.08 0.71 ± 0.08 0.56 ± 0.05 0.37 ± 0.05 0.64 ± 0.04
P75 1.87 ± 0.28 1.17 ± 0.10 1.06 ± 0.11 0.87 ± 0.06 0.57 ± 0.07 1.06 ± 0.04
P90 3.09 ± 0.45 1.67 ± 0.19 1.51 ± 0.19 1.14 ± 0.11 0.86 ± 0.14 1.60 ± 0.11
Diesel P10 S S S S S 0.29 ± 0.07
P25 1.11 ± 0.64 0.56 ± 0.38 0.88 ± 0.57 0.47 ± 0.09 0.30 ± 0.09 0.45 ± 0.09
median 1.45 ± 0.48 0.89 ± 0.79 1.04 ± 0.23 0.84 ± 0.31 0.38 ± 0.16 0.78 ± 0.19
P75 2.29 ± 0.88 1.57 ± 0.30 1.25 ± 0.26 1.00 ± 0.13 0.58 ± 0.17 1.29 ± 0.20
P90 S S S S S 1.70 ± 0.33
Food P10 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P25 0.07 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01
median 0.12 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
P75 0.20 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01
P90 0.32 ± 0.05 0.20 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.01
Fuel P10 0.30 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.01
P25 0.48 ± 0.05 0.38 ± 0.04 0.28 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.02 0.29 ± 0.02
median 0.94 ± 0.12 0.72 ± 0.07 0.60 ± 0.07 0.52 ± 0.07 0.34 ± 0.05 0.58 ± 0.04
P75 1.88 ± 0.22 1.30 ± 0.10 1.11 ± 0.10 0.94 ± 0.06 0.59 ± 0.07 1.11 ± 0.06
P90 3.17 ± 0.34 1.91 ± 0.16 1.63 ± 0.16 1.34 ± 0.10 0.92 ± 0.11 1.78 ± 0.10
Fuel and food P10 0.34 ± 0.04 0.28 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.03 0.16 ± 0.03 0.09 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.01
P25 0.54 ± 0.06 0.45 ± 0.04 0.34 ± 0.03 0.28 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.02 0.33 ± 0.02
median 1.01 ± 0.14 0.80 ± 0.07 0.67 ± 0.06 0.56 ± 0.07 0.36 ± 0.05 0.65 ± 0.04
P75 2.00 ± 0.22 1.41 ± 0.10 1.17 ± 0.10 1.02 ± 0.08 0.64 ± 0.08 1.18 ± 0.06
P90 3.32 ± 0.38 2.05 ± 0.16 1.72 ± 0.16 1.40 ± 0.11 0.96 ± 0.09 1.88 ± 0.09
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 179.8
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile (%)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity P10 0.32 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
P25 0.45 ± 0.03 0.29 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.01
median 0.64 ± 0.05 0.41 ± 0.03 0.30 ± 0.02 0.23 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01 0.30 ± 0.01
P75 0.95 ± 0.05 0.57 ± 0.03 0.41 ± 0.04 0.32 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.02 0.50 ± 0.03
P90 1.48 ± 0.22 0.79 ± 0.05 0.55 ± 0.04 0.44 ± 0.03 0.30 ± 0.03 0.78 ± 0.05
Gas P10 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P25 0.05 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
median 0.16 ± 0.05 0.06 ± 0.03 0.04 ± 0.03 0.04 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.01
P75 0.45 ± 0.09 0.29 ± 0.07 0.18 ± 0.03 0.16 ± 0.04 0.12 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.02
P90 0.72 ± 0.14 0.52 ± 0.08 0.35 ± 0.08 0.25 ± 0.04 0.18 ± 0.03 0.37 ± 0.05
Petrol P10 0.69 ± 0.12 0.44 ± 0.05 0.34 ± 0.05 0.32 ± 0.04 0.17 ± 0.05 0.32 ± 0.03
P25 1.17 ± 0.13 0.66 ± 0.05 0.59 ± 0.08 0.48 ± 0.06 0.32 ± 0.04 0.53 ± 0.03
median 1.73 ± 0.17 1.08 ± 0.12 1.00 ± 0.11 0.79 ± 0.07 0.52 ± 0.06 0.91 ± 0.05
P75 2.63 ± 0.39 1.65 ± 0.14 1.49 ± 0.15 1.22 ± 0.08 0.80 ± 0.09 1.50 ± 0.06
P90 4.36 ± 0.63 2.36 ± 0.26 2.13 ± 0.26 1.61 ± 0.15 1.22 ± 0.19 2.26 ± 0.15
Diesel P10 S S S S S 0.41 ± 0.10
P25 1.57 ± 0.90 0.78 ± 0.54 1.25 ± 0.80 0.66 ± 0.13 0.43 ± 0.13 0.63 ± 0.12
median 2.04 ± 0.67 1.26 ± 1.12 1.46 ± 0.32 1.18 ± 0.43 0.53 ± 0.22 1.10 ± 0.27
P75 3.22 ± 1.23 2.21 ± 0.42 1.76 ± 0.36 1.41 ± 0.19 0.81 ± 0.24 1.82 ± 0.27
P90 S S S S S 2.39 ± 0.46
Food P10 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
P25 0.10 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
median 0.17 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
P75 0.28 ± 0.03 0.21 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.01
P90 0.45 ± 0.07 0.29 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.02 0.26 ± 0.02
Fuel P10 0.42 ± 0.05 0.33 ± 0.04 0.25 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.02
P25 0.68 ± 0.07 0.54 ± 0.06 0.39 ± 0.06 0.33 ± 0.04 0.21 ± 0.03 0.40 ± 0.03
median 1.33 ± 0.17 1.02 ± 0.09 0.85 ± 0.09 0.73 ± 0.09 0.47 ± 0.06 0.82 ± 0.05
P75 2.65 ± 0.31 1.83 ± 0.14 1.56 ± 0.13 1.32 ± 0.09 0.83 ± 0.10 1.57 ± 0.08
P90 4.46 ± 0.48 2.70 ± 0.22 2.30 ± 0.22 1.88 ± 0.14 1.29 ± 0.16 2.51 ± 0.14
Fuel and food P10 0.48 ± 0.06 0.40 ± 0.04 0.31 ± 0.05 0.22 ± 0.04 0.13 ± 0.03 0.25 ± 0.02
P25 0.77 ± 0.08 0.63 ± 0.05 0.48 ± 0.05 0.39 ± 0.04 0.25 ± 0.03 0.46 ± 0.03
median 1.43 ± 0.19 1.12 ± 0.09 0.94 ± 0.08 0.79 ± 0.09 0.51 ± 0.07 0.91 ± 0.05
P75 2.82 ± 0.30 1.99 ± 0.13 1.64 ± 0.14 1.44 ± 0.11 0.90 ± 0.11 1.66 ± 0.08
P90 4.67 ± 0.53 2.89 ± 0.22 2.42 ± 0.22 1.97 ± 0.15 1.35 ± 0.12 2.65 ± 0.12
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 224.8
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Household Equivalized Disposable Income (HEDI) Quintile (%)
HEDI Quintile
1
2
3
4
5
All
Electricity P10 0.41 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01
P25 0.58 ± 0.04 0.38 ± 0.03 0.27 ± 0.03 0.20 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.02 0.23 ± 0.02
median 0.82 ± 0.06 0.53 ± 0.03 0.38 ± 0.03 0.29 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.01 0.39 ± 0.02
P75 1.23 ± 0.06 0.74 ± 0.04 0.52 ± 0.05 0.41 ± 0.02 0.29 ± 0.02 0.65 ± 0.03
P90 1.91 ± 0.29 1.01 ± 0.06 0.71 ± 0.05 0.56 ± 0.04 0.39 ± 0.04 1.00 ± 0.06
Gas P10 0.03 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P25 0.06 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
median 0.21 ± 0.06 0.08 ± 0.04 0.05 ± 0.03 0.06 ± 0.03 0.06 ± 0.03 0.07 ± 0.01
P75 0.58 ± 0.12 0.38 ± 0.08 0.23 ± 0.04 0.21 ± 0.05 0.16 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.02
P90 0.93 ± 0.18 0.67 ± 0.11 0.45 ± 0.10 0.32 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.04 0.48 ± 0.06
Petrol P10 0.89 ± 0.16 0.57 ± 0.07 0.44 ± 0.07 0.41 ± 0.06 0.21 ± 0.07 0.41 ± 0.03
P25 1.50 ± 0.17 0.85 ± 0.07 0.76 ± 0.10 0.62 ± 0.07 0.42 ± 0.05 0.68 ± 0.04
median 2.23 ± 0.22 1.39 ± 0.15 1.30 ± 0.14 1.03 ± 0.08 0.67 ± 0.08 1.17 ± 0.07
P75 3.39 ± 0.50 2.13 ± 0.18 1.92 ± 0.20 1.57 ± 0.10 1.03 ± 0.11 1.93 ± 0.08
P90 5.62 ± 0.81 3.04 ± 0.34 2.75 ± 0.33 2.08 ± 0.19 1.57 ± 0.24 2.91 ± 0.19
Diesel P10 S S S S S 0.53 ± 0.12
P25 2.02 ± 1.16 1.01 ± 0.69 1.61 ± 1.03 0.86 ± 0.17 0.55 ± 0.17 0.82 ± 0.16
median 2.64 ± 0.87 1.62 ± 1.44 1.88 ± 0.41 1.52 ± 0.56 0.68 ± 0.28 1.42 ± 0.34
P75 4.16 ± 1.59 2.85 ± 0.54 2.28 ± 0.46 1.82 ± 0.24 1.05 ± 0.31 2.35 ± 0.35
P90 S S S S S 3.08 ± 0.59
Food P10 0.07 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
P25 0.13 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01
median 0.22 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.01
P75 0.36 ± 0.04 0.27 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01 0.23 ± 0.01
P90 0.57 ± 0.09 0.37 ± 0.04 0.29 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.02 0.33 ± 0.02
Fuel P10 0.55 ± 0.06 0.43 ± 0.04 0.32 ± 0.03 0.25 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.03 0.27 ± 0.02
P25 0.88 ± 0.09 0.69 ± 0.07 0.50 ± 0.08 0.43 ± 0.04 0.27 ± 0.03 0.52 ± 0.04
median 1.71 ± 0.22 1.31 ± 0.12 1.10 ± 0.12 0.94 ± 0.12 0.61 ± 0.08 1.06 ± 0.06
P75 3.42 ± 0.40 2.36 ± 0.18 2.01 ± 0.17 1.70 ± 0.11 1.07 ± 0.13 2.02 ± 0.10
P90 5.75 ± 0.62 3.48 ± 0.29 2.96 ± 0.29 2.43 ± 0.18 1.67 ± 0.20 3.24 ± 0.18
Fuel and food P10 0.61 ± 0.07 0.51 ± 0.06 0.40 ± 0.06 0.29 ± 0.05 0.16 ± 0.03 0.32 ± 0.02
P25 0.99 ± 0.10 0.82 ± 0.07 0.62 ± 0.06 0.51 ± 0.05 0.33 ± 0.03 0.60 ± 0.03
median 1.84 ± 0.25 1.45 ± 0.12 1.21 ± 0.10 1.03 ± 0.12 0.66 ± 0.09 1.18 ± 0.06
P75 3.63 ± 0.39 2.57 ± 0.17 2.12 ± 0.18 1.85 ± 0.14 1.16 ± 0.13 2.14 ± 0.10
P90 6.02 ± 0.68 3.73 ± 0.28 3.12 ± 0.29 2.54 ± 0.20 1.74 ± 0.15 3.42 ± 0.16
Upper HEDI 25,500 ± 700 36,900 ± 1,000 50,700 ± 1,400 70,300 ± 1,900
Population 350,000 ± 2,000 351,000 ± 3,000 349,000 ± 2,000 350,000 ± 2,000 349,000 ± 1,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

By Ethnicity

Carbon price: $ 45
Plots

For this carbon price the plots for Gas and Diesel have been omitted due to low values and rounding issues.

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Ethnicity (%)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity P10 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P25 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
median 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
P75 0.07 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
P90 0.11 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01
P25 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01
median 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P75 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P90 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.04 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01
Petrol P10 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
P25 0.07 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
median 0.11 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01
P75 0.19 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.03 0.20 ± 0.01 0.20 ± 0.01
P90 0.28 ± 0.05 0.22 ± 0.05 0.30 ± 0.02 0.29 ± 0.02
Diesel P10 S S 0.05 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.02
P25 0.09 ± 0.03 S 0.08 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.02
median 0.14 ± 0.06 S 0.15 ± 0.04 0.14 ± 0.04
P75 0.21 ± 0.08 S 0.25 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.04
P90 S S 0.31 ± 0.05 0.31 ± 0.06
Food P10 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01
P25 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
median 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P75 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P90 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
Fuel P10 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
P25 0.06 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01
median 0.13 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
P75 0.22 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.04 0.20 ± 0.01 0.20 ± 0.01
P90 0.35 ± 0.05 0.27 ± 0.06 0.32 ± 0.02 0.33 ± 0.02
Fuel and food P10 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
P25 0.07 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01
median 0.14 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01
P75 0.23 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.04 0.22 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.01
P90 0.38 ± 0.05 0.31 ± 0.06 0.34 ± 0.02 0.35 ± 0.02
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 89.9
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Ethnicity (%)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity P10 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01
P25 0.08 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
median 0.14 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01
P75 0.24 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.03 0.21 ± 0.01 0.21 ± 0.01
P90 0.37 ± 0.03 0.32 ± 0.04 0.32 ± 0.02 0.33 ± 0.02
Gas P10 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01
P25 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
median 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P75 0.07 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.05 0.08 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
P90 0.13 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.10 0.16 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.02
Petrol P10 0.13 ± 0.03 0.11 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01
P25 0.23 ± 0.03 0.17 ± 0.04 0.22 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.01
median 0.37 ± 0.04 0.28 ± 0.06 0.39 ± 0.03 0.38 ± 0.03
P75 0.60 ± 0.05 0.49 ± 0.08 0.65 ± 0.03 0.63 ± 0.03
P90 0.91 ± 0.16 0.70 ± 0.15 0.96 ± 0.06 0.95 ± 0.07
Diesel P10 S S 0.16 ± 0.05 0.17 ± 0.04
P25 0.28 ± 0.09 S 0.27 ± 0.07 0.27 ± 0.05
median 0.47 ± 0.18 S 0.47 ± 0.13 0.46 ± 0.12
P75 0.67 ± 0.24 S 0.79 ± 0.13 0.76 ± 0.12
P90 S S 1.00 ± 0.15 1.00 ± 0.20
Food P10 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P25 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
median 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01
P75 0.08 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
P90 0.10 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
Fuel P10 0.10 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01
P25 0.20 ± 0.03 0.16 ± 0.04 0.16 ± 0.01 0.17 ± 0.01
median 0.41 ± 0.04 0.29 ± 0.05 0.33 ± 0.02 0.35 ± 0.02
P75 0.69 ± 0.06 0.57 ± 0.11 0.65 ± 0.04 0.66 ± 0.04
P90 1.13 ± 0.14 0.89 ± 0.17 1.03 ± 0.05 1.05 ± 0.06
Fuel and food P10 0.11 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01
P25 0.22 ± 0.04 0.18 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.01
median 0.44 ± 0.04 0.32 ± 0.06 0.37 ± 0.03 0.38 ± 0.02
P75 0.73 ± 0.07 0.62 ± 0.11 0.70 ± 0.04 0.70 ± 0.03
P90 1.21 ± 0.14 0.98 ± 0.18 1.10 ± 0.05 1.11 ± 0.06
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 134.9
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Ethnicity (%)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity P10 0.08 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
P25 0.14 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01
median 0.23 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.03 0.21 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.01
P75 0.40 ± 0.04 0.33 ± 0.04 0.35 ± 0.02 0.36 ± 0.02
P90 0.62 ± 0.06 0.54 ± 0.07 0.53 ± 0.04 0.55 ± 0.03
Gas P10 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P25 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
median 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
P75 0.11 ± 0.03 0.12 ± 0.08 0.13 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.01
P90 0.23 ± 0.06 0.23 ± 0.17 0.27 ± 0.03 0.26 ± 0.04
Petrol P10 0.22 ± 0.05 0.19 ± 0.05 0.23 ± 0.02 0.23 ± 0.02
P25 0.39 ± 0.05 0.29 ± 0.06 0.38 ± 0.02 0.37 ± 0.02
median 0.62 ± 0.07 0.48 ± 0.09 0.67 ± 0.04 0.64 ± 0.04
P75 1.02 ± 0.08 0.83 ± 0.13 1.09 ± 0.04 1.06 ± 0.04
P90 1.53 ± 0.27 1.19 ± 0.25 1.62 ± 0.11 1.60 ± 0.11
Diesel P10 S S 0.27 ± 0.09 0.29 ± 0.07
P25 0.48 ± 0.15 S 0.45 ± 0.11 0.45 ± 0.09
median 0.79 ± 0.30 S 0.79 ± 0.22 0.78 ± 0.19
P75 1.14 ± 0.40 S 1.34 ± 0.21 1.29 ± 0.20
P90 S S 1.70 ± 0.25 1.70 ± 0.33
Food P10 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
P25 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01
median 0.08 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01
P75 0.13 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01
P90 0.18 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.04 0.19 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.01
Fuel P10 0.16 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.01
P25 0.34 ± 0.05 0.26 ± 0.06 0.28 ± 0.02 0.29 ± 0.02
median 0.70 ± 0.07 0.49 ± 0.09 0.56 ± 0.04 0.58 ± 0.04
P75 1.17 ± 0.11 0.96 ± 0.18 1.11 ± 0.06 1.11 ± 0.06
P90 1.92 ± 0.23 1.50 ± 0.29 1.74 ± 0.09 1.78 ± 0.10
Fuel and food P10 0.18 ± 0.04 0.16 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.01
P25 0.37 ± 0.07 0.30 ± 0.05 0.32 ± 0.02 0.33 ± 0.02
median 0.75 ± 0.07 0.55 ± 0.10 0.63 ± 0.04 0.65 ± 0.04
P75 1.24 ± 0.12 1.05 ± 0.18 1.18 ± 0.06 1.18 ± 0.06
P90 2.05 ± 0.24 1.66 ± 0.31 1.86 ± 0.09 1.88 ± 0.09
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 179.8
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Ethnicity (%)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity P10 0.12 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
P25 0.20 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.03 0.17 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.01
median 0.33 ± 0.02 0.29 ± 0.04 0.30 ± 0.01 0.30 ± 0.01
P75 0.56 ± 0.05 0.46 ± 0.06 0.49 ± 0.02 0.50 ± 0.03
P90 0.87 ± 0.08 0.77 ± 0.09 0.75 ± 0.05 0.78 ± 0.05
Gas P10 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P25 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
median 0.04 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.01
P75 0.16 ± 0.04 0.16 ± 0.11 0.19 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.02
P90 0.32 ± 0.08 0.32 ± 0.24 0.39 ± 0.05 0.37 ± 0.05
Petrol P10 0.32 ± 0.07 0.26 ± 0.07 0.32 ± 0.03 0.32 ± 0.03
P25 0.55 ± 0.07 0.41 ± 0.08 0.53 ± 0.03 0.53 ± 0.03
median 0.88 ± 0.09 0.67 ± 0.13 0.94 ± 0.06 0.91 ± 0.05
P75 1.43 ± 0.10 1.17 ± 0.18 1.54 ± 0.06 1.50 ± 0.06
P90 2.16 ± 0.38 1.68 ± 0.35 2.28 ± 0.15 2.26 ± 0.15
Diesel P10 S S 0.38 ± 0.12 0.41 ± 0.10
P25 0.68 ± 0.21 S 0.63 ± 0.15 0.63 ± 0.12
median 1.11 ± 0.41 S 1.11 ± 0.30 1.10 ± 0.27
P75 1.60 ± 0.56 S 1.88 ± 0.30 1.82 ± 0.27
P90 S S 2.39 ± 0.36 2.39 ± 0.46
Food P10 0.03 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
P25 0.07 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01
median 0.12 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
P75 0.18 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.01
P90 0.25 ± 0.03 0.25 ± 0.05 0.26 ± 0.02 0.26 ± 0.02
Fuel P10 0.23 ± 0.04 0.20 ± 0.05 0.21 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.02
P25 0.48 ± 0.07 0.37 ± 0.09 0.39 ± 0.03 0.40 ± 0.03
median 0.98 ± 0.09 0.69 ± 0.12 0.79 ± 0.05 0.82 ± 0.05
P75 1.65 ± 0.15 1.35 ± 0.25 1.56 ± 0.08 1.57 ± 0.08
P90 2.70 ± 0.32 2.11 ± 0.40 2.44 ± 0.12 2.51 ± 0.14
Fuel and food P10 0.25 ± 0.05 0.22 ± 0.05 0.25 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.02
P25 0.52 ± 0.09 0.43 ± 0.07 0.45 ± 0.03 0.46 ± 0.03
median 1.05 ± 0.10 0.77 ± 0.14 0.89 ± 0.06 0.91 ± 0.05
P75 1.74 ± 0.17 1.48 ± 0.25 1.66 ± 0.08 1.66 ± 0.08
P90 2.89 ± 0.33 2.34 ± 0.43 2.62 ± 0.12 2.65 ± 0.12
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000
Carbon price: $ 224.8
Plots

Table
Change in Annual Expenditure / Disposable Income as a Percentage by Ethnicity (%)
Maori
Pacific
Other
All
Electricity P10 0.15 ± 0.02 0.14 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01
P25 0.25 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.04 0.23 ± 0.02 0.23 ± 0.02
median 0.42 ± 0.03 0.37 ± 0.05 0.38 ± 0.02 0.39 ± 0.02
P75 0.73 ± 0.06 0.59 ± 0.07 0.63 ± 0.03 0.65 ± 0.03
P90 1.12 ± 0.10 0.99 ± 0.12 0.97 ± 0.06 1.00 ± 0.06
Gas P10 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01
P25 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01
median 0.06 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.03 0.08 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.01
P75 0.21 ± 0.05 0.21 ± 0.14 0.24 ± 0.02 0.23 ± 0.02
P90 0.41 ± 0.10 0.41 ± 0.31 0.50 ± 0.06 0.48 ± 0.06
Petrol P10 0.41 ± 0.09 0.34 ± 0.09 0.41 ± 0.03 0.41 ± 0.03
P25 0.71 ± 0.08 0.53 ± 0.10 0.68 ± 0.04 0.68 ± 0.04
median 1.13 ± 0.12 0.87 ± 0.17 1.21 ± 0.08 1.17 ± 0.07
P75 1.85 ± 0.13 1.51 ± 0.23 1.99 ± 0.08 1.93 ± 0.08
P90 2.79 ± 0.49 2.16 ± 0.45 2.94 ± 0.19 2.91 ± 0.19
Diesel P10 S S 0.48 ± 0.15 0.53 ± 0.12
P25 0.87 ± 0.26 S 0.82 ± 0.20 0.82 ± 0.16
median 1.43 ± 0.53 S 1.43 ± 0.39 1.42 ± 0.34
P75 2.06 ± 0.72 S 2.43 ± 0.38 2.35 ± 0.35
P90 S S 3.08 ± 0.46 3.08 ± 0.59
Food P10 0.04 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01
P25 0.09 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01
median 0.15 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.01
P75 0.23 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.01 0.23 ± 0.01
P90 0.32 ± 0.04 0.32 ± 0.06 0.34 ± 0.02 0.33 ± 0.02
Fuel P10 0.30 ± 0.05 0.25 ± 0.06 0.27 ± 0.03 0.27 ± 0.02
P25 0.61 ± 0.09 0.48 ± 0.11 0.50 ± 0.04 0.52 ± 0.04
median 1.27 ± 0.12 0.89 ± 0.16 1.02 ± 0.06 1.06 ± 0.06
P75 2.13 ± 0.19 1.74 ± 0.32 2.01 ± 0.10 2.02 ± 0.10
P90 3.48 ± 0.41 2.72 ± 0.51 3.15 ± 0.15 3.24 ± 0.18
Fuel and food P10 0.33 ± 0.06 0.29 ± 0.06 0.32 ± 0.02 0.32 ± 0.02
P25 0.67 ± 0.12 0.55 ± 0.08 0.59 ± 0.04 0.60 ± 0.03
median 1.35 ± 0.13 1.00 ± 0.18 1.15 ± 0.07 1.18 ± 0.06
P75 2.25 ± 0.22 1.91 ± 0.32 2.14 ± 0.10 2.14 ± 0.10
P90 3.72 ± 0.42 3.02 ± 0.56 3.37 ± 0.15 3.42 ± 0.16
Population 353,000 ± 15,000 131,000 ± 17,000 1,314,000 ± 22,000 1,749,000 ± 1,000

Modelling assumptions

  1. This analysis was carried out using Treasury’s micro-simulation model of the tax and welfare system - TAWA. All calculations should be considered as estimations.
  2. Estimates are for the 2018/2019 tax year using HES 2018/19 augmented using IDI data.
  3. All additional carbon costs are passed through instantaneously and simultaneously to households.
  4. Households do not adjust their level of consumption in response to increased prices.
  5. The modified OECD equivalisation scale is used to calculate equivalised incomes.
  6. A take-up rate (a model based on admin recipients) has been applied to the Accommodation Supplement when the expected number of recipients changes. Recipients are in the first case based on receipt in the admin data.
  7. Apparent inconsistencies in totals are due to rounding and/or suppression, with estimates being suppressed if they did not meet the confidentiality requirements of Statistics NZ.
  8. Our reporting uses 95% confidence intervals, calculated as the estimate plus or minus the margin of error (MoE). The MoE is a way of measuring statistical uncertainty, it is calculated as 1.96 multiplied by the standard error of the estimate.

Risk/reliability assessment

This work has not gone through the usual independent co-production QA process, though much of this is based on other work (TAR313) that has. There have been high-level sense checks and consistency checks, with particular attention given to new elements.

The Treasury considers these results to have low reliability and low risk.

Disclaimer

These results are not official statistics. They have been created for research purposes from the Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI) which is carefully managed by Stats NZ. For more information about the IDI please visit https://www.stats.govt.nz/integrated-data/. The results are based in part on tax data supplied by Inland Revenue to Stats NZ under the Tax Administration Act 1994 for statistical purposes. Any discussion of data limitations or weaknesses is in the context of using the IDI for statistical purposes, and is not related to the data’s ability to support Inland Revenue’s core operational requirements.

Contacts

TAWA Analysts:

Cory Davis (Tel: +64 4831 6518 | Email/IM: ) and
Luke Symes (Tel: +64 4917 6977 | Email/IM: )

Confidentiality checker:

Statistics NZ

Signed out by:

Patrick Nolan (Email/IM: )